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Winnipeg Free Press - ONLINE EDITION

Olympic blade-runner skirts ‘doping’ issues

By: Harvey Shapiro and Chris Waddell

Posted: 08/3/2012 11:09 AM | Comments: 0

South African athlete Oscar Pistorius arrives at Heathrow Airport, London from his training camp in Venice, Italy Friday, July 27. (AP Photo)

Oscar Pistorius, the double-amputee South African "blade runner," is set for an unprecedented Olympic debut Saturday in the 400-meter qualifying heats. When the starter’s gun goes off, it will be a shot heard throughout the sports world and a watershed event for legions of disabled athletes.

To get there, he ran a tortuous course of legal proceedings with the International Association of Athletic Federations.

Pistorius, a multiple Paralympic gold medalist, was forced to challenge a recent IAAF rule that forbids lower-extremity "spring" assist units. The IAFF required that he undergo scientific studies seeking to determine whether, wearing his carbon-fiber Cheetah prostheses, he should be permitted to challenge able-bodied competitors. The federation commissioned a sports physiologist to study Pistorius. That laboratory evaluation showed that his prosthetic legs gave him an advantage. He was prohibited from competing against non-handicapped athletes in further IAAF-sanctioned events.

Pistorius then assembled his own legal-scientific team, and successfully appealed to the Court of Arbitration in Sport by showing that part of the IAAF study was flawed. That study was designed to find out whether Pistorius’ prostheses gave him an unfair advantage; his appeal team only had to cast doubt about the first study’s findings. The court pointed out that the IAAF had trampled Pistorius’ rights and broken its own rules, but its decision came down to assessing the science. The ruling was in favor of Pistorius.

Despite the years of contention and the court’s decision, a crucial question remains unanswered: Can using "adaptive sports equipment" unfairly tilt the playing field? Is it, in other words, akin to doping?

Outside experts still debate the court’s rendition of the data, and point out weaknesses and misinterpretations in both the IAAF’s and Pistorius’ studies. Good science is based on studying large numbers of cases and reproducing the results in different laboratories. With just Pistorius’ performance to compare with those of a group of able-bodied runners, we are stuck with only one double-bladed study subject, who was also a stakeholder in the outcome.

Based on this limitation, most scientists would not attempt definitive conclusions. They would use their preliminary findings to better design and expand their investigations and, importantly, make them applicable to other uni- and bilateral prosthesis-equipped athletes.

In the end, the court merely kicked the can down the road. It passed up the opportunity to push sports’ ruling bodies to develop fact-based regulations concerning adaptive sports devices. And its determination applies only to Pistorius, equipped with his current model of Cheetah blades. It does not speak to succeeding disabled athletes, using other devices. Instead, the lawyers suggested case-by-case evaluations, essentially shifting the burden of proof to individual athletes. This approach will create an untenable choke point in processing a flood of eager young war amputees wanting to compete at all levels, and it does nothing to assure athletes and fans of a level playing field.

What can and can’t be allowed should be treated similarly to doping in sports. The anti-doping agencies publish banned substances lists, develop scientifically vetted laboratory tests to determine their criteria and respond to ever-evolving doping techniques. Pressure should be put on the sports federations, World Anti-Doping Association and the Olympic and Paralympic committees to assure the same sort of approach to ever-advancing technical devices.

Already, the Olympic concept of one naked person running barefoot in the marathon has morphed for all athletes. Using technical advances in gear, they have taken advantage of fiberglass vaulting poles, frictionless "sharkskin" swimsuits, mechanically superior bobsleds, more agile skis, better bikes, springy shoes, sleeker sailboats and a host of other assists. Faster, stronger blades cannot be far off.

Pistorius has become, perhaps by design, an advocate for all disabled athletes. He has challenged an unprepared sports establishment to equip itself with the appropriate science to establish and enforce widely applicable guidelines governing prosthetic devices. Only in that light will history determine whether his blades gave him an unfair advantage when he ran against sprinters with flesh-and-blood legs, or won his Paralympic gold medals competing against those equipped with only one blade and a normal leg.

Pistorius’ battle to compete with the fastest runners, on track’s biggest stage, forces all of us to rethink our concept of doping: It may not only include what we ingest but also exotic external performance-enhancing equipment.

Harvey Shapiro is a physician who was a doping control officer during the 2002 Winter Olympic Games. His novel, Morphed, predicts DNA doping in the Olympics. Chris Waddell is a five-time Paralympic skiing gold medalist and director of One Revolution, a foundation dedicated to changing the perception of the disabled.

—The Los Angeles Times

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