Analysis

Winnipeg Free Press - PRINT EDITION

Chinatown steeped in 130 years of history

By: Alison Marshall

Posted: 07/28/2012 1:00 AM | Comments: 0

Many Winnipeggers only think of Chinatown as a slightly exotic urban pocket where they occasionally go for dim sum. But the few square blocks around King Street and Alexander Avenue, just north of the Exchange District, are steeped in more than 130 years of significant history.

North American Chinatowns started to emerge during the 19th century as extensions of China.

Africa edition

Africa is one complex and gloriously unmanageable 'theme' to choose to kick off our 2012 series, Our City Our World, which is why it took up the whole newspaper on Jan. 18.
China edition

Hard-working Chinese immigrants, once banned, have risen to the highest echelons of Manitoba.
Germany edition

German immigrants have played a surprisingly large role in the development of the province.
Iceland edition

Arriving in Manitoba in the 1870s unprepared for a brutal winter, Icelandic settlers and their descendants have left their mark on our province.
Italy edition

Industrious Italians rose from peasant roots and adapted to Canadian society by mastering L’art d’arrangiarsi (the art of getting by).
Latin America edition

It used to be the only time Prairie folks met Spanish-speaking people was when they vacationed down south. More often now, they're the people next door.
Middle East edition

When the first Middle East families immigrated to Manitoba, mosques were unheard of and even yogurt was exotic. But now all that has changed.
Philippines edition

A booming Filipino community nearly 60,000 strong has transformed Manitoba.
South Asian edition

As the city's Indo-Canadian population experiences dramatic growth, its pioneers recall their warm Winnipeg welcome.
Ukraine edition

Scarred by Holodomor, the Ukrainian community helped shape Winnipeg's cultural mosaic.
United Kingdom edition

Manitoba's history is built on a foundation provided by settlers from the U.K., who came here seeking better lives.

"Chinatowns weren't just in big cities such as Vancouver," says Henry Yu, a University of British Columbia professor who is the foremost authority on Canadian Chinatowns. "Cities such as Winnipeg had Chinatowns that served as the gateway through which Chinese travelled back and forth through the small towns of the Prairies."

Chinatowns were enclaves where Chinese political groups organized and dramatic troupes performed. They were havens where a Chinese newcomer who had just got off the train could get help from fellow countrymen.

They attracted Christian missionaries who sought to convert "heathen" Chinese. They were seen as "exotic" and "sinful," and thought to be associated with gambling and opium dens.

In many Canadian cities, for many years racism prevented Chinese immigrants from residing or operating businesses outside the borders of Chinatown.

Winnipeg was less oppressive that way, but its Chinatown was for decades an important landing place and community hub.

Winnipeg's earliest Chinatown residents were predominately male labourers from the Wong, Lee and Ma clans who came to this nation in the late 1850s as Fraser River Valley gold miners and in the 1880s as railway labourers.

Winnipeg's earliest documented Chinese residents were Charley Yam, Fung Quong and an unnamed woman who came from the United States in 1877. Many early Chinese came to Manitoba from the northern U.S. Within two years, Chinatown had Chinese laundries, groceries, tobacco shops and rooming houses.

Once the first phase of the CPR line was completed in 1885, hundreds more Chinese began to settle the Prairies as owners and operators of laundries and groceries, and after 1900, cafés.

Early Chinese settlers were drawn to Winnipeg. It was the geographic and transportation centre of Canada; cosmopolitan and known to be more welcoming toward newcomers. Unlike in British Columbia or Saskatchewan, Chinese could vote in Manitoba and practise as doctors.

Around 1909, the Chinese United League opened a secret clubhouse at 223 Alexander Ave.

The clubhouse, which Chinese revolutionary leader Dr. Sun Yat-sen visited in 1911, was part of a global political network that facilitated the flow of member donations to establish a new republic in China. In 1912, the Chinese United League became the Chinese Nationalist League's secret Prairie headquarters. It was really these political groups, not the gradual increase of businesses, that fostered friendships and networks between Chinese men and led to the formation of Chinatown.

You may have seen the blue building with the flag in Winnipeg's Chinatown at 211 Pacific Ave., just west of Main Street. That's where the Chinese Nationalist League has had its offices since 1932. This building tells heartbreaking stories of resilient men like Charlie Foo, Frank Chan, Happy Young, Charles Yee and Charlie Wong, who came to Canada in their youth and dedicated their lives to Winnipeg's Chinatown.

Heritage Winnipeg needs to recognize the enormous value of this building. Demolishing the Chinese Nationalist League Prairie headquarters would effectively be demolishing the history of Winnipeg's Chinatown.

By 1919, Winnipeg had the fifth-largest Chinatown and Chinese community in Canada: 900 men and a handful of women. By contrast, 400 Chinese lived in Edmonton and 450 in Nanaimo, B.C.

Until the 1950s, there were still only a few dozen Chinese women in Winnipeg. Newcomers were still finding temporary lodging in Chinatown, and some bachelors lived and retired there. But most Chinese families lived outside of Chinatown.

The rise and fall of Winnipeg's Chinatown roughly paralleled institutionalized racism in Canada. In 1885, the Chinese Immigration Act required almost all immigrants of Chinese descent to pay a head tax of $50. By 1900 that tax had risen to $100, and three years later it stood at $500.

In 1923, the act was revised, excluding virtually all Chinese from entering Canada. Until 1947, when it was repealed, few wives and children (at first due to the head tax and later because of exclusion) had been able to join husbands and fathers in Canada.

As women and children began to emigrate to Winnipeg in the 1950s, men reunited with families, moved out of Chinatown, and it declined. The ensuing decades brought the emigration of Chinese professionals and students, as well as Indo-Chinese refugees. These groups also sought to live, work and define themselves outside of Chinatown.

By the 1980s, the area was rundown. Dr. Joseph Du and Philip Lee successfully lobbied Mayor Bill Norrie, the province and federal ministers to revitalize Chinatown with the construction of the Dynasty Building, Mandarin Building, housing complex and the Chinatown gate. Today, Dr. Du, Malinda Lee and others continue to strive to reinvigorate Chinatown with the Peace Tower housing complex.

While Chinatown has evolved beyond its original purpose, its rich history deserves to be honoured and preserved as part of the Winnipeg story.

Alison Marshall, professor in the religion department at Brandon University, is the author of The Way of the Bachelor: Early Chinese Settlement in Manitoba and the forthcoming Confucianism and the Making of Chinese Canadian Identity (UBC Press).

Republished from the Winnipeg Free Press print edition July 28, 2012 j6

Factual inaccuracy? Something missing? Help improve our journalism.

Know about news? Share your story suggestions, photos and video.

Spelling error? Punctuation problem? Send us an email if you’ve found a typo.

More Analysis

Undock

You can comment on most stories on winnipegfreepress.com. You can also agree or disagree with other comments. All you need to do is be a Winnipeg Free Press print or e-edition subscriber to join the conversation and give your feedback.

Have Your Say

New to commenting? Check out our Frequently Asked Questions.

Have Your Say

Comments are open to Winnipeg Free Press print or e-edition subscribers only. why?

Have Your Say

Comments are open to Winnipeg Free Press Subscribers only. why?

The Winnipeg Free Press does not necessarily endorse any of the views posted. By submitting your comment, you agree to our Terms and Conditions. These terms were revised effective April 16, 2010.