Takeaways from the AP’s reporting on PFAS contamination of private drinking water wells

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This article was published 02/02/2026 (261 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.

STELLA, Wis. (AP) — The roughly 40 million Americans who get their water from private wells are particularly vulnerable to harmful forever chemicals. These well owners are often the last to know their water is contaminated, and the problem can take years to fix.

The federal government has set strict limits on forever chemicals in drinking water that comes from public utilities and requires testing. But those rules don’t apply to private wells, which can leave people near industrial sites unaware they are consuming contaminated water.

Forever chemicals, known to scientists as PFAS, are uniquely able to repel stains and moisture and to withstand heat, which made them essential for products from waterproof shoes to firefighting foam. The problem is they don’t break down in the environment, where they are now common. Research has linked them to increased risk of certain cancers and developmental delays in children.

Here are takeaways from The Associated Press’ reporting on the vulnerabilities of well owners to PFAS contamination.

How some well owners get stranded

While water utilities can typically treat PFAS in one place, restoring a safe supply for well owners must be done household by household. That leaves some owners out as regulators, lawyers and companies strike deals over who gets help.

Peshtigo, Wisconsin, for example, faced a crisis nearly a decade ago when PFAS was detected near a fire technology plant owned by Tyco and parent company Johnson Controls, which manufactured firefighting foam. A dispute over where the company needed to test and dig new, deeper wells meant that while one resident might be offered help, another a few houses away would not.

Johnson Controls said it has taken full responsibility for the area its investigation showed was its responsibility.

And finding all the impacted wells can be laborious, costly and time consuming. In North Carolina, PFAS has stretched from one chemical plant nearly 100 miles (160 kilometers) down the Cape Fear River, requiring tens of thousands of tests to find where the contamination ends and locate the households it has hurt.

Where in America you live matters

Because there aren’t national rules limiting PFAS in private wells, responsibility falls to the states.

At least 20 states do not test private wells for PFAS outside of areas where problems are already suspected, according to an AP survey of state agencies. And many don’t have clear policies to tell well owners when there are PFAS problems nearby.

Michigan, in contrast, has been proactive. Millions of people there rely on private wells, and officials have tested groundwater and offered free tests to owners near PFAS hot spots. These tests can cost hundreds of dollars, money many are reluctant or unable to spend.

Elsewhere, well owners are left on their own. In northwest Georgia, carpet mills began applying PFAS for stain resistance decades ago. Their wastewater tainted much of the landscape, but only well owners near the small city of Calhoun have been offered free tests, and then only under a court agreement.

New federal rules would be a nonstarter for many well owners who value their freedom from government oversight and the absence of a monthly bill. But that freedom can become a liability when a well is contaminated.

A town shocked by a PFAS discovery

A small town in Wisconsin illustrates how PFAS can upend a community.

In 2022, Kristen Hanneman agreed to take part in a Wisconsin project to test private wells. The PFAS in her family’s well was thousands of times above federal limits for drinking water. It stunned her neighbors and has led to years of investigation and worry.

The state pointed to a nearby paper mill that spread PFAS-laden sludge on local farm fields, which it believes contaminated the groundwater, lakes and even the fish and deer.

The mill’s current and former owners say that the activities were permitted by the state long before the dangers were widely understood and that they stopped using PFAS in their manufacturing process years ago. The state, meanwhile, has limited resources to help with testing and providing grants for new, deeper and safer wells.

The problem has left residents of the rural town stuck, with some worried about what the years of drinking contaminated well water might mean for themselves and their kids.

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Associated Press writers Todd Richmond in Madison, Wis., Jason Dearen in Los Angeles and M.K. Wildeman in Hartford, Conn., contributed. Dylan Jackson and Justin Price of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution contributed from Atlanta.

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This story is part of an investigative collaboration with The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, The Post and Courier and AL.com. It is supported through AP’s Local Investigative Reporting Program.

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The Associated Press receives support from the Walton Family Foundation for coverage of water and environmental policy. The AP is solely responsible for all content. For all of AP’s environmental coverage, visit https://apnews.com/hub/climate-and-environment