A crisis of critical thinking

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This article was published 19/02/2025 (576 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.

We are awash in competing surveys, polls, studies and the like that have flooded social media — and discerning fact from fabrication is becoming more difficult, and more necessary, amid the dangerous din of misinformation, says Timothy Caulfield.

In Caulfield’s new book The Certainty Illusion: What You Don’t Know and Why It Matters — published in January by Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Random House Canada — he tries to help readers locate guideposts among the noise in the hopes of battling the misinformation that has shaped the world view of so many, particularly on the far right.

Caulfield will read from and discuss The Certainty Illusion on Friday at 7 p.m. at McNally Robinson Booksellers’ Grant Park location.

Caulfield, 61, is a professor in the faculty of law and the school of public health at the University of Alberta and a Canada Research Chair in health law and policy. His previous books include 2015’s The Science of Celebrity… or Is Gwyneth Paltrow Wrong About Everything? and 2022’s Relax: A Guide to Everyday Health Decisions with More Facts and Less Worry.

He has also hosted or contributed to a number of documentaries, including the recent Harder Better Faster Stronger, a CBC doc on myths about men’s health and masculinity.

In The Certainty Illusion, Caulfield explores the world of online misinformation through three threads: the science illusion, the goodness illusion and the opinion illusion.

He dissects dubious scientific studies and journal articles, half-baked wellness and beauty trends, and torqued online polls and reviews of everything from restaurants to electronics to political parties.

“I really wanted to explore the foundational problems and why, increasingly, our information environment is rigged against us, and that’s a big topic, so I tried to pick examples throughout the book that are both really weighty and urgent — like the health issues, like the crumbling of democracy — but also examples that highlight how these forces kind of creep into every corner of our lives,” he says.

Citing dozens of studies and research papers by scientists around the globe and including pages of references and endnotes, The Certainty Illusion is both solidly researched and engagingly written.

For some, reading the headline of an online study, news article or post that jibes with their way of thinking is as deep as people’s critical thinking goes. They will opt to share whatever they feel fits with their own opinions or preconceived notions.

“Recent studies show that 70 to 74 per cent of the content online is shared without clicking through — that means people are responding to headlines, to memes, and that’s what they’re sharing,” Caulfield says.

The misinformation crisis ratcheted up during the COVID-19 pandemic when peer-reviewed studies from reputable journals touting the benefits of vaccination grappled for attention with papers, articles and talking heads whose anti-vaccination arguments and findings stood on shaky ground.

Caulfield spoke to the Free Press hours after Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a noted purveyor of bad science information and a vocal opponent of vaccines, was confirmed as U.S. President Donald Trump’s secretary of health and human services.

“The scientific literature is becoming increasingly polluted. We’re seeing the rise of fake and questionable scientific journals that are agenda-driven and we’ve seen it happen during the RFK Jr. confirmation hearings,” Caulfield says.

“I’m deeply worried that the scientific literature, the academic literature, is going to become so polluted that it’s going to become difficult, even for experts, for people who have spent their life studying these things, to divine what the scientific consensus on a topic is. For those pushing a particular agenda, that’s the exact goal — it’s doubt-mongering just to try to question what the scientific consensus is to make room for their agenda.”

This doubt-mongering is nothing new.

‘We saw it with tobacco, we saw it with climate-change deniers and, of course, now we’re seeing it on a whole host of topics in the health space, especially vaccines. It’s a really scary moment. I hope it’s a call for the scientific community to stand up,” Caulfield says.

Caulfield reckons that in order to get eyeballs on legit scientific findings, journals and scholars may have to approach sharing their findings differently.

“We have to get creative. We have to work with artists, comedians, graphic artists, whoever, to create content that can do that right in a way that is still accurate and still respectful to the inherent uncertainty of evidence and science,” he says.

And while Caulfield sees Trump’s return to the White House as an inevitable catalyst for yet more misinformation, he thinks the result may offer a sliver of a silver lining north of the border.

“Maybe I’m being overly optimistic, but I’m really sensing that in Canada, since the election in the United States, there has been this rising concern about misinformation. I’m hopeful that’s going to sensitize Canadians during our election cycle to not be bamboozled like I fear many in the United States were,” he says.

It’s easy to look at the vast swaths of online misinformation in health, beauty, wellness, public opinion and the economy and feel completely overwhelmed — or to simply look away — but pushing back on misinformation and getting the facts out there to counter the dishonest and untruthful studies, polls and reviews is crucial, Caulfield says.

“Given the urgency of the issue, we can’t allow ourselves to become paralyzed by not participating in this public discourse,” he says.

“We need the voices out there.”

ben.sigurdson@freepress.mb.ca

@bensigurdson