Your moment of baking zen A little bit of science and a lot of patience are the only magic required Homemade Cooking School
By: Eva Wasney Posted: 6:27 PM CST Tuesday, Nov. 18, 2025 Last Modified: 6:49 PM CST Tuesday, Nov. 18, 2025 Updates

Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 18/11/2025 (325 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.

The most important rule of baking?

“Patience with yourself,” says Richard Warren, a pastry chef and baking instructor at Red River College Polytech.

“It’s not as easy as they make it look on TV and part of the learning is making mistakes along the way.”

Unlike cooking, where results can be manipulated on the fly, baking requires a mix of accuracy and feel that takes time to develop.

“It really is a relationship between science and intuition,” he says.

Warren describes his career path as a classic restaurant-industry tale: upon realizing he “wasn’t post-secondary material,” he got a job as a dishwasher, was promoted to prep cook and decided to enrol in culinary school. Cooking wasn’t necessarily a passion, but he enjoyed the process and the people he met in commercial kitchens.

“The people are weird and bizarre, and I can relate to that,” Warren says with a laugh.

He later moved into sweets and worked as a pastry chef at the Fort Garry Hotel before joining Red River eight years ago. Warren teaches technical baking skills while underlining the importance of building confidence through practice.

“I was once in the position of a student, where I had never made bread, I had never made a pie dough. I’m no different than you, I just have more experience doing it,” he says.

Ingredients

Most baking recipes rely on the same foundational ingredients, which trigger chemical reactions when combined correctly and at the right ratios. This delicate balance makes it difficult to substitute baking ingredients.

Flour: Provides structure and absorbs liquid. Gluten, a protein found in wheat, is activated when flour is hydrated and worked, creating elasticity and a chewy texture.

Liquid: Hydrates dry ingredients. Water and milk are common baking liquids. Eggs add hydration when raw and structure when baked.

Fat: Tenderizes. Butter, oil, lard and shortening are common baking fats. (Fun fact: shortening got its name because fat shortens long gluten strands, says Warren.)

Leavening agent: Creates lightness and lift. Chemical leaveners include baking soda and baking powder, which produce carbon dioxide. Yeast is a biological leavener that consumes sugar to produce carbon dioxide and alcohol. Mechanical leavening adds air by whipping or creaming.

Sugar: Sweetens, tenderizes and extends shelf-life. Sugar is hygroscopic, meaning it pulls moisture from the air, which helps baked goods stay soft.

Salt: Enhances flavour and texture. While it might be tempting to omit, salt, even in small quantities, is an important baking ingredient because it slows yeast production and allows for deeper flavour development.

Measuring

Beyond repetition, the easiest way to improve your baking is by measuring things accurately.

“Doing it by weight is the best. Then there’s no room for error. If all (of us) grabbed a cup of flour, I’m sure there would be a variance of probably 40 per cent,” Warren says.

Dry ingredients, such as flour, tend to settle which can make volume measurements (millilitres, cups, tablespoons and teaspoons) inaccurate. If you scoop a cup of flour directly out of the bag, for example, there’s a good chance you’ll end up with more than one cup’s worth of flour because the product has settled.

Using a scale to measure dry ingredients by weight (grams or ounces) ensures you’re doling out the same amount as called for in a recipe.

Liquids and small amounts of dry ingredients are typically measured by volume.

If you don’t have a scale, the best way to measure dry ingredients by volume is by spooning the product into a measuring cup and leveling it off with a knife, Warren says.

Mixing

Overzealous mixing can result in tough pastry and tight dough.

“When it comes to scones, biscuits and pie dough, the main mistake is overmixed dough. Put down the scraper and walk away,” Warren says.

After measuring, he recommends sifting dry ingredients together to reduce lumps and, therefore, the amount of mixing required. Sifting also helps evenly distribute chemical leaveners and flavourings, such as spices.

When mixing by hand, add the wet ingredients into the dry ingredients. When using a stand or electric mixer, add dry into wet for even mixing and more control.

For pastries — which have a higher fat content and lower gluten development — cold butter should be cubed and “cut in” to the flour using your hands, a pastry cutter, utensils or a food processor until pea-sized chunks remain. To avoid creating unwanted gluten, only mix and fold until the pastry just starts to hold together.

Yeasted doughs, such as breads, require kneading to incorporate air and encourage good gluten development. Dough can be kneaded at low speed in a stand mixer fitted with a dough hook or by hand.

If kneading by hand, use your palms to push the dough forward and back, alternating hands. Dough is thoroughly kneaded if it springs back without sticking when pressed.

Resting and rising

Give your dough (and your hands) a break after mixing.

Resting non-yeasted dough for a short amount of time (10 or so minutes) allows the flour to properly absorb the liquid and lets the gluten strands relax, making the dough easier to work with.

Yeasted dough needs time to rise or proof, which is the visible result of yeast producing carbon dioxide. Dough can be proofed on the counter or in the fridge, typically until it has doubled in size.

Overproofing happens when dough is left to rise for too long, resulting in overextended gluten strands and a weak structure.

Temperature, season and altitude can all impact rise time.

“It’s a different animal than making a cookie,” Warren says of making yeasted dough. “People shy away from it because it can be quite intimidating and because it does behave very differently. Bread is a longer process, but for me, personally, it’s more rewarding.”

Again, practice and patience are key.

Baking

After all that measuring, mixing and waiting, it’s time to relinquish those precious creations to a hot oven.

Warren advises keeping a close eye on products in the oven to avoid overbaking. Pay attention to visual cues included in recipes. Batter can be tested for doneness by inserting a toothpick into the centre of the cake; if it comes out cleanly, it’s ready.

Recipe

Cranberry Orange and Cardamom Buttermilk Scones

Ingredients
450 g (3 2/3 cups) bread flour

60 g (5 tbsp) granulated sugar

5 g (1 tsp) salt

25 g (1 tbsp, plus 2.5 tsp) baking powder

2 g (1 tsp) cardamom, ground

150 g (2/3 cup) unsalted butter, cold

1 egg

235 g (1 cup) buttermilk

250 g (2 cups) dried cranberries

Zest of 1 orange

Scone glaze

30 ml (2 tbsp) whipping cream

20 g (1 tbsp) granulated Sugar

Orange flat icing

250 g (2 cups) icing sugar

60 ml (1/4 cup) juice from orange above

2 g (1 tsp) cardamom, ground

Note: This recipe was originally made with fresh rhubarb. See ingredients and directions for that version below.

Directions

Sift dry ingredients together.

With your fingers, work cold butter into the dry ingredients until it’s the size of peas or hazelnuts.

Whisk buttermilk and egg together. Make a well in the centre of the dry ingredients and add the egg and buttermilk. Mix dry ingredients together until the liquid is no longer visible. Stir in dried cranberries and orange zest.

You will see lots of unmixed flour in the bowl and that’s OK. The dry bits will get mixed in through the folding process. The dough will transform from a very shaggy to a more cohesive mixture with visible chunks of butter.

Place ingredients on the table and “fold” together until the dough is workable, about eight to 10 turns or until the dough resists gently when tugged on from side to side. Let rest for 10 minutes on the counter.

Roll out to a 3/4-inch thick round disc, about 8 to 10-inches in diameter.

Cut the dough disc into eight wedges and place on a parchment-lined sheet pan with space between each scone. Rest in the fridge for 20 minutes.

Mix sugar and whipping cream together to make glaze.

Remove scones from the fridge, brush with glaze and bake at 350 F until golden brown and baked through. Approximately 9-12 minutes.

Mix icing sugar with orange juice. Spread over warm scones and allow to dry slightly before serving or storing.

Optional rhubarb directions

250 g (2 cups) fresh rhubarb

38 g (3 tbsp) granulated sugar

5 whole green cardamom pods, cracked

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Dice fresh rhubarb about 1/2-inch and crack open cardamom pods with a knife.

Place a sauté pan on medium-high heat, add rhubarb, sugar and cardamom pods. Cook for 2 to 3 minutes, until the rhubarb softens, releases some juices, but still holds its shape.

Remove from heat and place rhubarb in the fridge to cool down. Substitute cooked, cooled rhubarb with cranberries in the recipe above.

This is the final class of our Homemade Cooking School Series. Visit winnipegfreepress.com/homemade to find previous classes and more Free Press cooking content.

eva.wasney@winnipegfreepress.com

Eva Wasney
Reporter

Eva Wasney covers environmental issues in Manitoba for The Narwhal in partnership with the Winnipeg Free Press. Read more about Eva.

Every piece of reporting Eva produces is reviewed by an editing team before it is posted online or published in print — part of the Free Press‘s tradition, since 1872, of producing reliable independent journalism. Read more about Free Press’s history and mandate, and learn how our newsroom operates.