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The Free Press Education Subject Social Studies Grade 11: History of Canada

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Social Studies Grade 11: History of Canada

Please review each article prior to use: grade-level applicability and curricular alignment might not be obvious from the headline alone.

Boom and gloom
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Boom and gloom

By Stefan Epp-Koop 7 minute read Preview
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Boom and gloom

By Stefan Epp-Koop 7 minute read Saturday, Nov. 21, 2015

Stefan Epp-Koop's We're Going to Run This City explores the dynamic political movement that came out of the 1919 General Strike, the largest labour protest in Canadian history, and the ramifications for Winnipeg throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Winnipeg was a deeply divided city. On one side, the conservative political descendants of the General Strike's Citizen's Committee of 1000 advocated for minimal government and low taxes. On the other side were the Independent Labour Party and the Communist Party of Canada, two groups rooted in the city's working class, though often in conflict with each other.

The political strength of the left would ebb and flow throughout the 1920s and 1930s but peaked in the mid-1930s when the ILP's John Queen became mayor and the two parties on the left combined to hold a majority of council seats. Astonishingly, Winnipeg was governed by a mayor who had served jail time for his role in the General Strike.

Winnipeg had grown rapidly in the early decades of the 20th century. The city had all the appearances of a boom town, tripling in size in the first decade. Businesses flocked to the city to service the growing population of Winnipeg and the Canadian West. Manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers opened in the city, establishing it as the pre-eminent commercial hub of Western Canada. The city also profited from the growing agricultural production of the Prairies as the home of the grain exchange and many companies producing agricultural implements and supplies.

Optimism abounded, anything was possible. Civic boosters imagined Winnipeg as the "Chicago of the North," a world-class city. That became the commonly accepted narrative of the city's growth. Indeed, many Winnipeggers did become quite wealthy during those boom years, and there was significant economic opportunity for those who were able to access it.

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Saturday, Nov. 21, 2015
Marc Lavoie photo
La jeune Minyaka et Marc Lavoie, au march�� de Kaboul, la capitale de l�Afghanistan, en 2005.
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Les souvenirs d’un vétéran de Bosnie et d’Afghanistan

Par Daniel Bahuaud 4 minute read Preview
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Les souvenirs d’un vétéran de Bosnie et d’Afghanistan

Par Daniel Bahuaud 4 minute read Saturday, Nov. 14, 2015

On n'a jamais tiré sur Marc Lavoie. Ni en Bosnie, ni en Afghanistan. Mais l'adjudant-maître du 38e Groupe-brigade du Canada connaît intimement les zones sinistrées par la guerre.

Lorsque Lavoie est arrivé en Bosnie, en 1997, la période de violence armée dans l'ancienne Yougoslavie était révolue. Le natif de Kapuskasing, aujourd'hui adjudant-maître chargé du maintien de l'équipement du 38e Groupe-brigade du Canada, se souvient "bien clairement" des ravages de la guerre.

"Les forces canadiennes faisaient alors partie de la mission de l'OTAN, chargée de stabiliser les zones sinistrées en Bosnie-Herzégovine, Croatie, Macédoine et au Kosovo. J'étais stationné la base canadienne de Drvar, en Bosnie, pour mes deux tours de mission. "J'assumais le maintien des véhicules, des génératrices d'électricité et d'autres équipements militaires. Parfois, il fallait quitter la base pour remorquer des véhicules qui avait été touchés par des mines.

"Le grand défi c'était de stabiliser la région. On était l pour aider les habitants du pays se remettre sur pied. Des villages entiers avaient été dévastés par la guerre. Dans bien des endroits, les gens vivaient comme au 19e siècle. On chargeait nos camions de bois pour le chauffage, sans parler d'eau potable.

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Saturday, Nov. 14, 2015
Shaney Komulainen / THE CANADIAN PRESS files 
A Canadian solider and First Nations protester face off at the Kahnesatake reserve in Oka, Que., in September 1990.
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Oka at 25, lessons in reconciliation

By Will Braun 5 minute read Preview
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Oka at 25, lessons in reconciliation

By Will Braun 5 minute read Saturday, Jul. 11, 2015

It's been a generation since July 11, 1990, when a SWAT team piled out of a truck and advanced against a small Mohawk protest on a dirt road in the pine forest outside the Quebec village of Oka. What followed was a 78-day armed siege -- the most violent and consequential clash between indigenous people and the Canadian state in modern times.

What has changed during the past 25 years? What hasn't? And why has there not been another Oka despite repeated warnings about indigenous unrest across the country?

The crisis was sparked by a proposed golf course expansion and condo development that would have turned a Mohawk cemetery at Kanesatake into a parking lot. It represented something much bigger -- a history of inequality and a society divided by race and seething with anger.

The images were jarring. Tanks rolled through quiet communities, white rioters burned effigies of Mohawk warriors, cars carrying Mohawk women and children were pelted with rocks as police stood by, and most iconic of all, a soldier and Mohawk Warrior stared each other down at point-blank range. Generations of tension compressed into the few inches between their steely faces. The nation was on edge.

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Saturday, Jul. 11, 2015
WAYNE GLOWACKI / WINNIPEG FREE PRESS
Heather Bidzinski views the Proclamation of the Constitution Act document at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights Wednesday.

Constitution Act, Treaty 1 at CMHR

By Ashley Prest 3 minute read Preview

Constitution Act, Treaty 1 at CMHR

By Ashley Prest 3 minute read Thursday, Dec. 18, 2014

The original Treaty No. 1 land agreement of 1871 and the 1982 Proclamation of the Constitution Act are two of 11 historic and rarely loaned artifacts on display at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights.

The documents can be viewed in the CMHR's Protection Rights in Canada gallery and Canadian Journeys gallery and are on loan until September 2015 from the Library and Archives Canada based in Gatineau, Que. The display has been open to public viewing since the museum's opening day on Nov. 11.

Signed at Lower Fort Garry by Chippewan and Cree First Nations leaders and Queen Victoria, the Treaty No. 1 agreement is the original document with affixed seals and ribbon.

"Just looking at the display in the case, we've got 250 years of Canadian legal tradition and human rights tradition in these documents. There is a really wide breadth of historical significance," said Heather Bidzinski, the CMHR's head of collections.

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Thursday, Dec. 18, 2014
COURTESY OF UNDER THE WIRE / WASHINGTON POST
Mackenzie King greets Bill Ash, an American who served in the Spanish Civil War and who had an action-filled career in the RCAF during the Second World War. Ash died earlier this year.

A war for Britain

Allan Levine 6 minute read Preview

A war for Britain

Allan Levine 6 minute read Friday, Aug. 29, 2014

Seventy-five years ago, on Sept. 1, 1939, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King was awakened early in the morning with news that the German Wehrmacht had crossed the border into Poland.

For the British and French this was the final straw in the frustrating negotiations with Adolf Hitler that had been ongoing for several years. The two western European powers declared war on Germany on Sept. 3.

Within a week Canada had also issued its own declaration of war; for unlike in August 1914 the country -- as a result of the Statute of Westminster of 1931 -- was not automatically at war with the British declaration. Nonetheless, despite Canada's new autonomous status within the empire, there really was never a doubt that Canada would stand by Britain's side in 1939, just as the country had during the First World War.

Ever since his celebrated meeting with Hitler in Berlin in June 1937, King believed war with Nazi Germany could be averted. Like many other world leaders who came into contact with the Hitler in the late '30s, King regarded him as a charismatic visionary, though unpredictable and possibly dangerous. As the situation worsened in the spring of 1938, King wrote in his diary that he was confident the world "will yet come to see a very great man ... in Hitler."

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Friday, Aug. 29, 2014
Handout
Johann Sigurdson III (from left) Johann Sigurdson IV, Mackenzie Collette and David Collette of the Fara Heim Foundation  stand at the approximate location of the Battle of Hudson Bay in 1697.
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Uncovering Canada’s Arctic sea battle

By Alexandra Paul 4 minute read Preview
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Uncovering Canada’s Arctic sea battle

By Alexandra Paul 4 minute read Tuesday, Aug. 6, 2013

In 1697, a single French ship sank a British warship, captured a second ship and chased off a third ship.

It was an audacious act of war that nearly turned into a suicide mission, but the Battle of Hudson Bay is a forgotten chapter in Canada's history.

That could change with an intrepid group's plan to film an educational video in Churchill this summer for a curriculum kit aimed at high school students. And if they can find the ship that sank, it would be a bonus.

Three hundred years ago, an imperious colonial aristocrat pointed his sails north from New France (modern Quebec), departing with a fleet of wooden sailing ships.

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Tuesday, Aug. 6, 2013
Photos by Bill Redekop/ Winnipeg Free Press
Cannon barrels stored outside fort.
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Hardship, history live in rock of ancient fort

By Bill Redekop 5 minute read Preview
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Hardship, history live in rock of ancient fort

By Bill Redekop 5 minute read Saturday, Jul. 13, 2013

CHURCHILL -- Samuel Hearne, English explorer and governor of Fort Prince of Wales in the late 1700s, claimed the beavers he let waddle around the stone fort made better pets than some cats and dogs.

"I kept several," he wrote in his journal, "... til they became so domesticated as to answer to their names...and follow as a dog would do; and they were as pleased at being fondled as any animal I ever saw."

You had to do something, after all, stuck in a fort made out of quartzite rock, on a desolate point overlooking Hudson Bay, buffeted by northern gales and frequent blizzards and surrounded by sea ice two-thirds of the year.

Fort Prince of Wales, built in the mid-1700s, is testament to the extraordinary mettle of those first immigrants, mostly Scots from the Orkney Islands, who plied the fur trade for the Hudson's Bay Co., and the First Nations people who traded with them.

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Saturday, Jul. 13, 2013
Roger Bazin dans l’ancienne prison de Saint-Claude.
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Une geôle dans son état originel

Sabine Trégouët de La Liberté pour le Winnipeg Free Press 9 minute read Preview
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Une geôle dans son état originel

Sabine Trégouët de La Liberté pour le Winnipeg Free Press 9 minute read Saturday, Nov. 17, 2012

LA petite prison de Saint-Claude est une perle pour le patrimoine canadien. En effet, ce lieu d’histoire et de patrimoine constitue la seule prison municipale existant par elle-même dans l’Ouest canadien selon le Ministère de la Culture, Patrimoine et Tourisme du Manitoba.

“C’est la seule prison dans toutes les prairies qui subsiste à son état d’origine,” affirme le membre du comité de tourisme et de marketing de Saint-Claude, Roger Bazin. “Il y en avait d’autres de ce type aux alentours de Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes ou de Saint-Lazare, mais elles ont souvent été détruites.”

Construite en 1912, la prison a initialement été construite pour calmer les turbulences.

“Beaucoup d’employés des fermes venaient à Saint-Claude la fin de semaine pour boire dans le petit salon à bière et il y avait souvent des bagarres, raconte Roger Bazin. Il y avait des problèmes de boisson évidemment, mais aussi des vols et d’autres incidents. Comme on est éloignés de Winnipeg, la prison a été construite à la demande de la population pour mettre en détention ceux qui causaient des soucis.”

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Saturday, Nov. 17, 2012
���
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Canadian political culture grew out of War of 1812

Reviewed by Graeme Voyer 3 minute read Preview
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Canadian political culture grew out of War of 1812

Reviewed by Graeme Voyer 3 minute read Saturday, Jun. 16, 2012

THE War of 1812 -- a conflict between Britain and the United States, much of it contested on Canadian soil -- was a decisive event in Canadian history.

The U.S. proved unable to conquer and annex Britain's Upper and Lower Canadian colonies, thus ensuring that Canada would develop as an independent nation within the British imperial orbit.

This summer marks the 200th anniversary of the outbreak of the war. Recent years have witnessed a flurry of scholarship on the conflict -- Ontario historian Wesley Turner's 2011 biography of British general Isaac Brock comes to mind -- but it is difficult to imagine a better introduction to the War of 1812 than this account by York University professor of political science James Laxer.

This military and diplomatic history of the War emphasizes the roles played by two inspired leaders on the British and Canadian side: Brock, the commander of the forces of Upper Canada and the head of its civil government; and his ally Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief who joined the British to fight the Americans who were systematically encroaching on native land.

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Saturday, Jun. 16, 2012

Hard lives for home children

Tom Ford 5 minute read Monday, Jun. 27, 2011

OTTAWA -- The elderly man sat in front of me, his rheumy eyes and round, ruddy face giving me no inkling of what he was thinking. His hands were neatly folded in his lap. I had been told he was a home boy and I, a kid reporter at the Winnipeg Tribune, was supposed to interview him.

I'd been given half an hour to look up home children in the Tribune's library. Apparently, they were orphans and other children brought over by charities to stay with Canadian families and work as domestics or on farms. Some of them were as young as five.

I only learned later that Alex, the home boy I was supposed to interview, had been harshly treated in various homes; that he had been told endlessly to sit quietly with his hands folded; that his keepers -- all devoted Christians, I'm sure -- had drained most of the joy and vitality out of him.

I asked some questions; he answered quietly in monosyllables. The interview was a failure because I wasn't prepared.

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Moody historical fiction gives life to filles du roi banished to French colonies

Reviewed by Dana Medoro 4 minute read Saturday, Jan. 22, 2011

Bride of New France

By Suzanne Desrochers

Penguin Canada, 224 pages, $25

This is a moody, beautiful piece of historical fiction, casting Louis XIV's Paris as a grey and Gothic city, pitiless toward its poor and dark with imperial desires.

THE CANADIAN PRESS ARCHIVES
Headline announces War Measures Act in Ottawa,  Oct. 16, 1970.

FLQ didn’t mean to kill people: Quebec author

By Andy Blatchford 3 minute read Preview

FLQ didn’t mean to kill people: Quebec author

By Andy Blatchford 3 minute read Friday, Oct. 15, 2010

MONTREAL -- An author of Quebec's high-school history textbooks says the FLQ never intended to kill people and its bombing victims were "collateral damage" in its push for independence.

Raymond Bedard also argues that Pierre Laporte's death during the October Crisis 40 years ago this weekend was an accident -- not murder.

Many in English Canada might be surprised to hear those views expressed by an author of history textbooks and a man who has seen thousands of students pass through his class in his 30 years as a teacher.

But Bedard's take on the events of 1970 offers a glimpse into the different lessons taught in the province's history classes.

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Friday, Oct. 15, 2010

FLQ Manifesto part of the past

3 minute read Friday, Sep. 11, 2009

Decent people should be offended by the fact that a national agency will permit the reading of a terrorist manifesto next weekend at the Plains of Abraham in Quebec City as part of a series of readings to commemorate the 1759 battle that altered the course of Canadian history.

The manifesto in question was issued in October 1970 by the Front de Liberation du Quebec following the kidnapping of British diplomat James Cross and Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte, who was subsequently murdered. The FLQ was responsible for more than 200 bombings in Quebec during the 1960s, causing the deaths of at least five people. It was all done in the name of creating an independent Marxist Quebec.

The National Battlefields Commission, the same group that cancelled plans for a major re-enactment of the battle because of fears of a violent backlash, a decision for which it should be ashamed, has said it will allow the reading of the FLQ Manifesto, but was quick to point out that it does not endorse the document. That kind of courage is admirable, although it's unfortunate it was not in evidence when the commission backed down from plans for the historical re-enactment.

Decent people should be offended that the manifesto will get a public airing at the commemorative event -- Montreal singer and sovereigntist Luck Mervil has even been asked to perform the reading -- but it would be a violation of Canadian values to ban it from the stage.

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