Social Studies: Canadian History

Canada’s autonomy took more than Vimy Ridge

Allan Levine 5 minute read Preview

Canada’s autonomy took more than Vimy Ridge

Allan Levine 5 minute read Monday, May. 8, 2017

Last month, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, as is his style, waxed eloquently about the terrible sacrifice of the soldiers who fought there and the battle’s larger meaning for Canadian history. But he went a bit overboard attributing to Vimy something that is not so: that Canada “was born” on that battlefield.

It is true that at Vimy, for the first time in the war, “the four divisions of the Canadian Corps fought together and drove the Germans off a ridge that dominated the terrain in the area of Arras in northern France,” as historian Jack Granatstein explains. Yet as he also adds, despite the 3,598 Canadians killed in the fighting, Vimy did not end the war, nor did Canada achieve autonomy within the British Empire.

This nation-building narrative was somewhat promoted in 1917 and then in 1936 when the Vimy memorial was opened, but it did not truly take hold for another generation. In 1967, on the 50th anniversary of the Vimy Ridge battle that coincided with Canada’s centennial, then-prime minister Lester Pearson reimagined Vimy as “the birth of a nation.”

The fact was that several months after the fighting at Vimy, Canada’s soldiers found themselves knee-deep in the mud in the area around the village of Passchendaele, near Ypres in Belgium. That battle had started at the end of July 1917, because the British commander, Sir Douglas Haig, had insisted stubbornly that the key to victory on the Western Front was capturing the Passchendaele ridge.

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Monday, May. 8, 2017

THE ASSOCIATED PRESS FILES
Wounded Canadian and German First World War soldiers help one another through the mud during the Battle of Passchendaele in Belgium in 1917.

THE ASSOCIATED PRESS FILES
Wounded Canadian and German First World War soldiers help one another through the mud during the Battle of Passchendaele in Belgium in 1917.

Gripping drama Elle brings outdoor hardship to PTE's indoor stage

Randall King 2 minute read Preview

Gripping drama Elle brings outdoor hardship to PTE's indoor stage

Randall King 2 minute read Friday, Feb. 24, 2017

The medium of theatre doesn't necessarily lend itself to a story of survival in the wilderness.

There's a reason The Revenant was a movie and not a Broadway play.

And yet the historical drama Elle, an adaptation of the Governor General’s Award-winning novel by Douglas Glover of the same name by Toronto actress Severn Thompson, manages to be an engaging, gripping piece of work... even in the civilized Prairie Theatre Exchange environs in Portage Place.

Over the course of 90 minutes (without intermission), Thompson connects us to an extraordinary character, based on Marguerite de la Rocque de Roberval, a headstrong young Frenchwoman tantalized to a trip to Canada in 1542 by exotic tales of naked natives and strange customs.

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Friday, Feb. 24, 2017

When war came to Winnipeg

Christian Cassidy 3 minute read Preview

When war came to Winnipeg

Christian Cassidy 3 minute read Monday, Oct. 6, 2025

If Day, the simulated Nazi invasion of Winnipeg, was a daring publicity stunt that involved weeks of planning, thousands of volunteers and garnered media attention across North America. Most importantly, it raised millions of dollars for Canada’s war effort.

The purpose of If Day was to drum up sales for Victory Bonds. Sold to businesses and individuals, often through payroll deduction plans, they were an essential tool for financing Canada’s war effort.

Dr. Jody Perrun has researched If Day and Winnipeg’s participation in Victory Bond campaigns for his book The Patriotic Consensus: Unity, Morale, and the Second World War in Winnipeg. He estimates that of the $22 billion the federal government spent fighting the war between 1939 and 1945, more than $12 billion was offset through the sale of Victory Bonds.

The promotion of the bonds was the responsibility of the National War Finance Committee in Ottawa. The short-term sales campaigns were initially quite centralized, with a national theme and propaganda products that were forwarded to provincial committees who used rallies, concerts and other tried-and-true public events to make up their portion of the national sales goal.

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Monday, Oct. 6, 2025

Century of progress: 'Prairie grit' helped Manitoba women secure the right to vote

Mia Rabson 7 minute read Preview

Century of progress: 'Prairie grit' helped Manitoba women secure the right to vote

Mia Rabson 7 minute read Monday, Oct. 6, 2025

OTTAWA — Almost a century after Nellie McClung pushed Manitoba to become the first province to allow women to vote or run for office, she would have been pretty proud of what women have achieved, says her granddaughter Marcia McClung.

But she also probably would have been a little disappointed to see women have not achieved true equality, be it in the workplace, the political world or even in many families.

Although Nellie McClung dreamed that if women could secure the right to vote, all the other rights to become equals with men would surely follow, she knew when she died, in 1951, that had not happened.

“She did acknowledge there wouldn’t have been any progress without the vote,” Marcia said in an interview with the Winnipeg Free Press. “It was a really significant step.”

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Monday, Oct. 6, 2025

BORIS MINKEVICH / WINNIPEG FREE PRESS
This is painted on the back side of one of the glass protective boxes.

BORIS MINKEVICH / WINNIPEG FREE PRESS
This is painted on the back side of one of the glass protective boxes.

Boom and gloom

By Stefan Epp-Koop 7 minute read Preview

Boom and gloom

By Stefan Epp-Koop 7 minute read Saturday, Nov. 21, 2015

Stefan Epp-Koop's We're Going to Run This City explores the dynamic political movement that came out of the 1919 General Strike, the largest labour protest in Canadian history, and the ramifications for Winnipeg throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Winnipeg was a deeply divided city. On one side, the conservative political descendants of the General Strike's Citizen's Committee of 1000 advocated for minimal government and low taxes. On the other side were the Independent Labour Party and the Communist Party of Canada, two groups rooted in the city's working class, though often in conflict with each other.

The political strength of the left would ebb and flow throughout the 1920s and 1930s but peaked in the mid-1930s when the ILP's John Queen became mayor and the two parties on the left combined to hold a majority of council seats. Astonishingly, Winnipeg was governed by a mayor who had served jail time for his role in the General Strike.

Winnipeg had grown rapidly in the early decades of the 20th century. The city had all the appearances of a boom town, tripling in size in the first decade. Businesses flocked to the city to service the growing population of Winnipeg and the Canadian West. Manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers opened in the city, establishing it as the pre-eminent commercial hub of Western Canada. The city also profited from the growing agricultural production of the Prairies as the home of the grain exchange and many companies producing agricultural implements and supplies.

Optimism abounded, anything was possible. Civic boosters imagined Winnipeg as the "Chicago of the North," a world-class city. That became the commonly accepted narrative of the city's growth. Indeed, many Winnipeggers did become quite wealthy during those boom years, and there was significant economic opportunity for those who were able to access it.

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Saturday, Nov. 21, 2015

Constitution Act, Treaty 1 at CMHR

By Ashley Prest 3 minute read Preview

Constitution Act, Treaty 1 at CMHR

By Ashley Prest 3 minute read Thursday, Dec. 18, 2014

The original Treaty No. 1 land agreement of 1871 and the 1982 Proclamation of the Constitution Act are two of 11 historic and rarely loaned artifacts on display at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights.

The documents can be viewed in the CMHR's Protection Rights in Canada gallery and Canadian Journeys gallery and are on loan until September 2015 from the Library and Archives Canada based in Gatineau, Que. The display has been open to public viewing since the museum's opening day on Nov. 11.

Signed at Lower Fort Garry by Chippewan and Cree First Nations leaders and Queen Victoria, the Treaty No. 1 agreement is the original document with affixed seals and ribbon.

"Just looking at the display in the case, we've got 250 years of Canadian legal tradition and human rights tradition in these documents. There is a really wide breadth of historical significance," said Heather Bidzinski, the CMHR's head of collections.

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Thursday, Dec. 18, 2014

WAYNE GLOWACKI / WINNIPEG FREE PRESS
Heather Bidzinski views the Proclamation of the Constitution Act document at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights Wednesday.

WAYNE GLOWACKI / WINNIPEG FREE PRESS
Heather Bidzinski views the Proclamation of the Constitution Act document at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights Wednesday.

A war for Britain

Allan Levine 6 minute read Preview

A war for Britain

Allan Levine 6 minute read Friday, Aug. 29, 2014

Seventy-five years ago, on Sept. 1, 1939, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King was awakened early in the morning with news that the German Wehrmacht had crossed the border into Poland.

For the British and French this was the final straw in the frustrating negotiations with Adolf Hitler that had been ongoing for several years. The two western European powers declared war on Germany on Sept. 3.

Within a week Canada had also issued its own declaration of war; for unlike in August 1914 the country -- as a result of the Statute of Westminster of 1931 -- was not automatically at war with the British declaration. Nonetheless, despite Canada's new autonomous status within the empire, there really was never a doubt that Canada would stand by Britain's side in 1939, just as the country had during the First World War.

Ever since his celebrated meeting with Hitler in Berlin in June 1937, King believed war with Nazi Germany could be averted. Like many other world leaders who came into contact with the Hitler in the late '30s, King regarded him as a charismatic visionary, though unpredictable and possibly dangerous. As the situation worsened in the spring of 1938, King wrote in his diary that he was confident the world "will yet come to see a very great man ... in Hitler."

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Friday, Aug. 29, 2014

COURTESY OF UNDER THE WIRE / WASHINGTON POST
Mackenzie King greets Bill Ash, an American who served in the Spanish Civil War and who had an action-filled career in the RCAF during the Second World War. Ash died earlier this year.

COURTESY OF UNDER THE WIRE / WASHINGTON POST
Mackenzie King greets Bill Ash, an American who served in the Spanish Civil War and who had an action-filled career in the RCAF during the Second World War. Ash died earlier this year.

Uncovering Canada’s Arctic sea battle

By Alexandra Paul 4 minute read Preview

Uncovering Canada’s Arctic sea battle

By Alexandra Paul 4 minute read Tuesday, Aug. 6, 2013

In 1697, a single French ship sank a British warship, captured a second ship and chased off a third ship.

It was an audacious act of war that nearly turned into a suicide mission, but the Battle of Hudson Bay is a forgotten chapter in Canada's history.

That could change with an intrepid group's plan to film an educational video in Churchill this summer for a curriculum kit aimed at high school students. And if they can find the ship that sank, it would be a bonus.

Three hundred years ago, an imperious colonial aristocrat pointed his sails north from New France (modern Quebec), departing with a fleet of wooden sailing ships.

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Tuesday, Aug. 6, 2013

Handout
Johann Sigurdson III (from left) Johann Sigurdson IV, Mackenzie Collette and David Collette of the Fara Heim Foundation stand at the approximate location of the Battle of Hudson Bay in 1697.

Handout
Johann Sigurdson III (from left) Johann Sigurdson IV, Mackenzie Collette and David Collette of the Fara Heim Foundation  stand at the approximate location of the Battle of Hudson Bay in 1697.

Hardship, history live in rock of ancient fort

By Bill Redekop 5 minute read Preview

Hardship, history live in rock of ancient fort

By Bill Redekop 5 minute read Saturday, Jul. 13, 2013

CHURCHILL -- Samuel Hearne, English explorer and governor of Fort Prince of Wales in the late 1700s, claimed the beavers he let waddle around the stone fort made better pets than some cats and dogs.

"I kept several," he wrote in his journal, "... til they became so domesticated as to answer to their names...and follow as a dog would do; and they were as pleased at being fondled as any animal I ever saw."

You had to do something, after all, stuck in a fort made out of quartzite rock, on a desolate point overlooking Hudson Bay, buffeted by northern gales and frequent blizzards and surrounded by sea ice two-thirds of the year.

Fort Prince of Wales, built in the mid-1700s, is testament to the extraordinary mettle of those first immigrants, mostly Scots from the Orkney Islands, who plied the fur trade for the Hudson's Bay Co., and the First Nations people who traded with them.

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Saturday, Jul. 13, 2013

Photos by Bill Redekop/ Winnipeg Free Press
Cannon barrels stored outside fort.

Photos by Bill Redekop/ Winnipeg Free Press
Cannon barrels stored outside fort.

Canadian political culture grew out of War of 1812

Reviewed by Graeme Voyer 3 minute read Preview

Canadian political culture grew out of War of 1812

Reviewed by Graeme Voyer 3 minute read Saturday, Jun. 16, 2012

THE War of 1812 -- a conflict between Britain and the United States, much of it contested on Canadian soil -- was a decisive event in Canadian history.

The U.S. proved unable to conquer and annex Britain's Upper and Lower Canadian colonies, thus ensuring that Canada would develop as an independent nation within the British imperial orbit.

This summer marks the 200th anniversary of the outbreak of the war. Recent years have witnessed a flurry of scholarship on the conflict -- Ontario historian Wesley Turner's 2011 biography of British general Isaac Brock comes to mind -- but it is difficult to imagine a better introduction to the War of 1812 than this account by York University professor of political science James Laxer.

This military and diplomatic history of the War emphasizes the roles played by two inspired leaders on the British and Canadian side: Brock, the commander of the forces of Upper Canada and the head of its civil government; and his ally Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief who joined the British to fight the Americans who were systematically encroaching on native land.

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Saturday, Jun. 16, 2012

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Hard lives for home children

Tom Ford 5 minute read Monday, Jun. 27, 2011

OTTAWA -- The elderly man sat in front of me, his rheumy eyes and round, ruddy face giving me no inkling of what he was thinking. His hands were neatly folded in his lap. I had been told he was a home boy and I, a kid reporter at the Winnipeg Tribune, was supposed to interview him.

I'd been given half an hour to look up home children in the Tribune's library. Apparently, they were orphans and other children brought over by charities to stay with Canadian families and work as domestics or on farms. Some of them were as young as five.

I only learned later that Alex, the home boy I was supposed to interview, had been harshly treated in various homes; that he had been told endlessly to sit quietly with his hands folded; that his keepers -- all devoted Christians, I'm sure -- had drained most of the joy and vitality out of him.

I asked some questions; he answered quietly in monosyllables. The interview was a failure because I wasn't prepared.

Moody historical fiction gives life to filles du roi banished to French colonies

Reviewed by Dana Medoro 4 minute read Saturday, Jan. 22, 2011

Bride of New France

By Suzanne Desrochers

Penguin Canada, 224 pages, $25

This is a moody, beautiful piece of historical fiction, casting Louis XIV's Paris as a grey and Gothic city, pitiless toward its poor and dark with imperial desires.

FLQ didn’t mean to kill people: Quebec author

By Andy Blatchford 3 minute read Preview

FLQ didn’t mean to kill people: Quebec author

By Andy Blatchford 3 minute read Friday, Oct. 15, 2010

MONTREAL -- An author of Quebec's high-school history textbooks says the FLQ never intended to kill people and its bombing victims were "collateral damage" in its push for independence.

Raymond Bedard also argues that Pierre Laporte's death during the October Crisis 40 years ago this weekend was an accident -- not murder.

Many in English Canada might be surprised to hear those views expressed by an author of history textbooks and a man who has seen thousands of students pass through his class in his 30 years as a teacher.

But Bedard's take on the events of 1970 offers a glimpse into the different lessons taught in the province's history classes.

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Friday, Oct. 15, 2010

THE CANADIAN PRESS ARCHIVES
Headline announces War Measures Act in Ottawa, Oct. 16, 1970.

THE CANADIAN PRESS ARCHIVES
Headline announces War Measures Act in Ottawa,  Oct. 16, 1970.

FLQ Manifesto part of the past

3 minute read Friday, Sep. 11, 2009

Decent people should be offended by the fact that a national agency will permit the reading of a terrorist manifesto next weekend at the Plains of Abraham in Quebec City as part of a series of readings to commemorate the 1759 battle that altered the course of Canadian history.

The manifesto in question was issued in October 1970 by the Front de Liberation du Quebec following the kidnapping of British diplomat James Cross and Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte, who was subsequently murdered. The FLQ was responsible for more than 200 bombings in Quebec during the 1960s, causing the deaths of at least five people. It was all done in the name of creating an independent Marxist Quebec.

The National Battlefields Commission, the same group that cancelled plans for a major re-enactment of the battle because of fears of a violent backlash, a decision for which it should be ashamed, has said it will allow the reading of the FLQ Manifesto, but was quick to point out that it does not endorse the document. That kind of courage is admirable, although it's unfortunate it was not in evidence when the commission backed down from plans for the historical re-enactment.

Decent people should be offended that the manifesto will get a public airing at the commemorative event -- Montreal singer and sovereigntist Luck Mervil has even been asked to perform the reading -- but it would be a violation of Canadian values to ban it from the stage.