Social Studies Grade 11: History of Canada

Please review each article prior to use: grade-level applicability and curricular alignment might not be obvious from the headline alone.

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Claims of Indigenous ancestry by non-Indigenous Canadians on the rise

Reviewed by Sheilla Jones 5 minute read Preview
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Claims of Indigenous ancestry by non-Indigenous Canadians on the rise

Reviewed by Sheilla Jones 5 minute read Saturday, Feb. 8, 2020

Writing about identity politics is fraught with political landmines. People tend to be highly sensitive to any challenge to how they identify themselves. It’s personal.

It is therefore intriguing that author Darryl Leroux has walked purposely right into the minefield. It’s political.

In Distorted Descent: White Claims to Indigenous Identity, Leroux describes the obsessive search by some heretofore non-Indigenous Canadians for long-ago Indigenous ancestors who can justify them identifying as Métis. According to Leroux, an associate professor of social justice and community studies at Saint Mary’s University in Halifax, the popularity of genealogical websites and online forums has created communities where race-shifters can organize. The motive, he warns, is not benign.

Leroux makes it clear that he is not talking about people who are seeking to reunite with their kin after being forcibly disconnected from their Indigenous identity through Indian residential schools, the Sixties Scoop or Indian Act policies.

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Saturday, Feb. 8, 2020

Supplied photo
Author Darryl Leroux has faced online attacks and threats of violence for his examination of claims by non-Indigenous Canadians of Métis status.

Supplied photo
Author Darryl Leroux has faced online attacks and threats of violence for his examination of claims by non-Indigenous Canadians of Métis status.
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Canadian veterans' stories detail selfless sacrifice, struggle

Reviewed by Ian Stewart 4 minute read Preview
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Canadian veterans' stories detail selfless sacrifice, struggle

Reviewed by Ian Stewart 4 minute read Friday, Nov. 10, 2017

The lives of the men and women who served and are serving in the Canadian Armed Forces are a mystery to many Canadians.

Remembrance Day may be a time when family memories of what a grandparent or great-grandparent did in the First World War or Second World War are vaguely recalled. Winnipeggers over 30 likely remember the flood of 1997, when the army was deployed to protect the city from the raging Red River, but what else have our Armed Forces done? Jody Mitic offers readers an answer.

In his 2015 autobiography Unflinching: The Making of a Canadian Sniper, Mitic told the story of his life in the Canadian Armed Forces: the physical and mental challenges he had to overcome, the years of training he endured, his deployment to Bosnia, becoming a sniper-team leader in Afghanistan, losing his legs to a landmine and overcoming this life-changing injury and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Everyday Heroes is Mitic’s collection of 21 first-person accounts of life in the Canadian Armed Forces. He turns from his story to one “encouraging Canadians to get to know the men and women who wear the Canadian flag on their shoulders… to see beyond the uniform to the person.”

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Friday, Nov. 10, 2017

Jacques Boissinot / The Canadian Press files
Canadian Armed Forces members and a RCMP officer stand at the Sacrifice Cross during a Remembrance Day ceremony Friday, November 11, 2016 in Quebec City.

Jacques Boissinot / The Canadian Press files
Canadian Armed Forces members and a RCMP officer stand at the Sacrifice Cross during a Remembrance Day ceremony Friday, November 11, 2016 in Quebec City.

A country born amid controversy

Allan Levine 5 minute read Preview

A country born amid controversy

Allan Levine 5 minute read Friday, Jun. 30, 2017

Given his penchant to portray Canadian history as a glorious fusion of brazen courage, underdog determination, generosity of spirit and the march of progress, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau definitely would have been in his element had he been in Toronto 150 years ago.

The new province of Ontario had the most to gain from Confederation. By virtue of its large population, Ontario’s politicians were to dominate the new federal or central government and the province’s economic potential was seemingly unlimited. (It is not by accident that the western boundary of Ontario set in the early 1880s extends as far as Kenora, 1,900 kilometres from Toronto.)

Thus, on July 1, 1867, there was great optimism among Toronto’s 50,000 citizens. The ringing of the bells at St. James Cathedral at midnight on June 30 had signified that the Dominion of Canada was now a reality.

The publisher of the Toronto Globe, George Brown, a key player who, along with John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier, had made Confederation a reality, had stayed up most of the night composing a 9,000-word article about the meaning of Confederation that took up the entire front page of the Globe on July 1. “We hail the birthday of a new nationality,” he wrote. “A United British America, with its four millions of people, takes its place this day among the nations of the world.”

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Friday, Jun. 30, 2017

National Archives of Canada / THE CANADIAN PRESS FILES
Several of the Fathers of Confederation at the Charlottetown Conference in September 1864. Sir John A. Macdonald and Georges-Étienne Cartier are in the foreground.

National Archives of Canada / THE CANADIAN PRESS FILES
Several of the Fathers of Confederation at the Charlottetown Conference in September 1864. Sir John A. Macdonald and Georges-Étienne Cartier are in the foreground.

While our 150th birthday party is a big, 'Dominion Day' began with respectful restraint

Randy Turner 16 minute read Preview

While our 150th birthday party is a big, 'Dominion Day' began with respectful restraint

Randy Turner 16 minute read Saturday, Oct. 11, 2025

It’s safe to say what is now called Canada Day had modest beginnings in these parts.As far back as 1869 — two years after Confederation and one year before Manitoba was born — the July 3 issue of the Nor’Wester, the paper of record for the “Colony of Assiniboia,” dutifully reported that celebrations on July 1 were muted.

“Dominion Day was kept in our little town by the raising of the ‘Canadian’ flag upon the now celebrated staff — said to be 70 feet, be the same 20 feet more or less — which flag was liberal sainted during the day by an ‘Anvil Chorus’ adapted to ‘God Save the Queen’ and ‘Hurrah! for the New Dominion,” the paper noted. “The affair was wound up by a large bonfire in the evening.

“Not a gun was heard, or a funeral note or anything else,” the account added, “but then you see the H.B.C. (Hudson Bay Company) is keeping her patriotism like champagne, well bottled and wired down, for a future occasion, when we may expect to see it burst forth in a manner calculated to astonish the natives.”

Of course, these were the days of the Riel Rebellion in the Red River Colony. Not exactly the time to be popping that “champagne” in public. Besides, the majority of the less than 1,000 colony settlers considered themselves British. And a vast majority of residents, the Métis under Riel, were literally at war with the new Canada.

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Saturday, Oct. 11, 2025

Jubilee parade 1897

Jubilee parade 1897

Canada’s autonomy took more than Vimy Ridge

Allan Levine 5 minute read Preview

Canada’s autonomy took more than Vimy Ridge

Allan Levine 5 minute read Monday, May. 8, 2017

Last month, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, as is his style, waxed eloquently about the terrible sacrifice of the soldiers who fought there and the battle’s larger meaning for Canadian history. But he went a bit overboard attributing to Vimy something that is not so: that Canada “was born” on that battlefield.

It is true that at Vimy, for the first time in the war, “the four divisions of the Canadian Corps fought together and drove the Germans off a ridge that dominated the terrain in the area of Arras in northern France,” as historian Jack Granatstein explains. Yet as he also adds, despite the 3,598 Canadians killed in the fighting, Vimy did not end the war, nor did Canada achieve autonomy within the British Empire.

This nation-building narrative was somewhat promoted in 1917 and then in 1936 when the Vimy memorial was opened, but it did not truly take hold for another generation. In 1967, on the 50th anniversary of the Vimy Ridge battle that coincided with Canada’s centennial, then-prime minister Lester Pearson reimagined Vimy as “the birth of a nation.”

The fact was that several months after the fighting at Vimy, Canada’s soldiers found themselves knee-deep in the mud in the area around the village of Passchendaele, near Ypres in Belgium. That battle had started at the end of July 1917, because the British commander, Sir Douglas Haig, had insisted stubbornly that the key to victory on the Western Front was capturing the Passchendaele ridge.

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Monday, May. 8, 2017

THE ASSOCIATED PRESS FILES
Wounded Canadian and German First World War soldiers help one another through the mud during the Battle of Passchendaele in Belgium in 1917.

THE ASSOCIATED PRESS FILES
Wounded Canadian and German First World War soldiers help one another through the mud during the Battle of Passchendaele in Belgium in 1917.

When war came to Winnipeg

Christian Cassidy 3 minute read Preview

When war came to Winnipeg

Christian Cassidy 3 minute read Monday, Oct. 6, 2025

If Day, the simulated Nazi invasion of Winnipeg, was a daring publicity stunt that involved weeks of planning, thousands of volunteers and garnered media attention across North America. Most importantly, it raised millions of dollars for Canada’s war effort.

The purpose of If Day was to drum up sales for Victory Bonds. Sold to businesses and individuals, often through payroll deduction plans, they were an essential tool for financing Canada’s war effort.

Dr. Jody Perrun has researched If Day and Winnipeg’s participation in Victory Bond campaigns for his book The Patriotic Consensus: Unity, Morale, and the Second World War in Winnipeg. He estimates that of the $22 billion the federal government spent fighting the war between 1939 and 1945, more than $12 billion was offset through the sale of Victory Bonds.

The promotion of the bonds was the responsibility of the National War Finance Committee in Ottawa. The short-term sales campaigns were initially quite centralized, with a national theme and propaganda products that were forwarded to provincial committees who used rallies, concerts and other tried-and-true public events to make up their portion of the national sales goal.

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Monday, Oct. 6, 2025

Social justice fighters restore our faith in humanity

Shauna MacKinnon 5 minute read Tuesday, Dec. 20, 2016

On Dec. 12, housing and anti-poverty advocates gathered to recognize Clark Brownlee, a local activist who retired after a long engagement with social justice and policy advocacy. It was a much-needed reminder there is still good in the world.

It has been difficult not to lose faith in humanity in a world where millions of people recently saw fit to elect Donald Trump as leader of the United States.

Many Canadians are watching in horror as a new political era begins to take shape south of the border. It’s not just the United States that has seemingly gone mad. Racism in politics is rampant in Europe and Kelly Leitch has shown us Canada is not immune. In her bid for leadership of the Conservative party, Leitch has been vocal about her support for Trump and has pitched a number of racist policy proposals. She is currently a frontrunner.

So yes, it is hard to be hopeful at a time when hate and fear of “the other” seems to be inspiring a disturbing number of voters.

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Vous auriez pu être résistant?

Daniel Bahuaud 4 minute read Preview
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Vous auriez pu être résistant?

Daniel Bahuaud 4 minute read Saturday, Apr. 9, 2016

'Qu’est-ce que j’aurais fait dans la France occupée par les Allemands? Est-ce que je serais devenu un héros de la Résistance? Ou bien serais-je devenu nazi?"

Voilà les questions qui ont conduit le médecin Philippe Erhard à écrire son tout premier roman, The Ladders of Death.

Erhard est médecin à Winnipeg depuis 1982. Depuis qu’il a quitté sa pratique générale à la Clinique Saint-Boniface en 2008 pour se lancer en médecine sportive à la Clinique Pan-Am, le natif de Belfort en France, travaille à un rythme plus décontracté.

"J’ai enfin le temps de réfléchir. En 2010, j’ai publié un livre sur le mieux-être, Being — A Hiking Guide through Life. J’étais inspiré par mon travail de médecin et par des souvenirs d’une randonnée à pied dans les Vosges. Depuis, et de plus en plus, je suis mes propres conseils sur l’importance de ralentir son train de vie et de se laisser vivre!"

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Saturday, Apr. 9, 2016

DANIEL BAHUAUD PHOTO
Philippe Erhard: "Ce sera un exercice mental très stimulant."

DANIEL BAHUAUD PHOTO
Philippe Erhard:
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L’ impact d’une loi injuste et intransigeante

Par Daniel Bahuaud 5 minute read Preview
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L’ impact d’une loi injuste et intransigeante

Par Daniel Bahuaud 5 minute read Saturday, Feb. 20, 2016

LE 10 mars 1916, le gouvernement de T. C.

Norris adopte une nouvelle loi scolaire.

L’enseignement du français devient illégal.

Normand Boisvert est un des acteurs clés dans la renaissance du français scolaire. Il nous partage son point de vue.

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Saturday, Feb. 20, 2016

DANIEL BAHUAUD PHOTO
Normand Boisvert: “La Loi Thornton a eu pour résultat d’encourager un sentiment de honte parmi de nombreux francophones. Certains ont perdu la langue parce qu’ils ne la voulaient plus. Ils se sont assimilés pour ne pas se démarquer des autres.”

DANIEL BAHUAUD PHOTO
Normand Boisvert: “La Loi Thornton a eu pour résultat d’encourager un sentiment de honte parmi de nombreux francophones. Certains ont perdu la langue parce qu’ils ne la voulaient plus. Ils se sont assimilés pour ne pas se démarquer des autres.”

Century of progress: 'Prairie grit' helped Manitoba women secure the right to vote

Mia Rabson 7 minute read Preview

Century of progress: 'Prairie grit' helped Manitoba women secure the right to vote

Mia Rabson 7 minute read Monday, Oct. 6, 2025

OTTAWA — Almost a century after Nellie McClung pushed Manitoba to become the first province to allow women to vote or run for office, she would have been pretty proud of what women have achieved, says her granddaughter Marcia McClung.

But she also probably would have been a little disappointed to see women have not achieved true equality, be it in the workplace, the political world or even in many families.

Although Nellie McClung dreamed that if women could secure the right to vote, all the other rights to become equals with men would surely follow, she knew when she died, in 1951, that had not happened.

“She did acknowledge there wouldn’t have been any progress without the vote,” Marcia said in an interview with the Winnipeg Free Press. “It was a really significant step.”

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Monday, Oct. 6, 2025

BORIS MINKEVICH / WINNIPEG FREE PRESS
This is painted on the back side of one of the glass protective boxes.

BORIS MINKEVICH / WINNIPEG FREE PRESS
This is painted on the back side of one of the glass protective boxes.
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Témoignage de survivantes de l’Holocauste à l’USB

Ruby Irene Pratka 5 minute read Preview
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Témoignage de survivantes de l’Holocauste à l’USB

Ruby Irene Pratka 5 minute read Saturday, Dec. 5, 2015

Le père Patrick Desbois, un prêtre catholique français réputé pour son travail de recherche sur l’Holocauste, en est convaincu: “Les génocides ne commencent pas avec les chambres de gaz. Ils commencent plutôt par des petits manquements de respect.” Des petites indignités comme celle qui restera gravée à jamais dans la mémoire de Régine Rubinfeld Frankel.

On est en 1942. La jeune Régine, âgée d’une dizaine d’années, est partie de la maison où sa famille se cachait, avec un carnet de rations, chercher des vivres dans la ville la plus proche. Au lieu de retourner à pied avec ses sacs — un trajet de huit kilomètres — elle a décidé de prendre le bus. Mais le chauffeur, une connaissance, exige qu’elle descende plusieurs kilomètres avant son arrêt, alors que la nuit tombe.

“Même maintenant quand j’en parle, j’ai envie de pleurer, parce que je me demande toujours pourquoi il n’y avait pas une seule personne dans ce bus qui a dit: ‘Laisse-la!’ ”

Régine Rubinfeld Frankel et sa sœur, Rachel Rubinfeld Fink, ont raconté leurs souvenirs lors d’une conférence intitulée “Plus Jamais”, présentée à l’Université de Saint-Boniface le 9 novembre.

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Saturday, Dec. 5, 2015

Ruby Irene Pratka photo
Régine Rubinfeld Frankel, à gauche, et sa sœur Rachel Rubinfeld Fink.

Ruby Irene Pratka photo
Régine Rubinfeld Frankel, à gauche, et sa sœur Rachel Rubinfeld Fink.
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Boom and gloom

By Stefan Epp-Koop 7 minute read Preview
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Boom and gloom

By Stefan Epp-Koop 7 minute read Saturday, Nov. 21, 2015

Stefan Epp-Koop's We're Going to Run This City explores the dynamic political movement that came out of the 1919 General Strike, the largest labour protest in Canadian history, and the ramifications for Winnipeg throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Winnipeg was a deeply divided city. On one side, the conservative political descendants of the General Strike's Citizen's Committee of 1000 advocated for minimal government and low taxes. On the other side were the Independent Labour Party and the Communist Party of Canada, two groups rooted in the city's working class, though often in conflict with each other.

The political strength of the left would ebb and flow throughout the 1920s and 1930s but peaked in the mid-1930s when the ILP's John Queen became mayor and the two parties on the left combined to hold a majority of council seats. Astonishingly, Winnipeg was governed by a mayor who had served jail time for his role in the General Strike.

Winnipeg had grown rapidly in the early decades of the 20th century. The city had all the appearances of a boom town, tripling in size in the first decade. Businesses flocked to the city to service the growing population of Winnipeg and the Canadian West. Manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers opened in the city, establishing it as the pre-eminent commercial hub of Western Canada. The city also profited from the growing agricultural production of the Prairies as the home of the grain exchange and many companies producing agricultural implements and supplies.

Optimism abounded, anything was possible. Civic boosters imagined Winnipeg as the "Chicago of the North," a world-class city. That became the commonly accepted narrative of the city's growth. Indeed, many Winnipeggers did become quite wealthy during those boom years, and there was significant economic opportunity for those who were able to access it.

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Saturday, Nov. 21, 2015
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Les souvenirs d’un vétéran de Bosnie et d’Afghanistan

Par Daniel Bahuaud 4 minute read Preview
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Les souvenirs d’un vétéran de Bosnie et d’Afghanistan

Par Daniel Bahuaud 4 minute read Saturday, Nov. 14, 2015

On n'a jamais tiré sur Marc Lavoie. Ni en Bosnie, ni en Afghanistan. Mais l'adjudant-maître du 38e Groupe-brigade du Canada connaît intimement les zones sinistrées par la guerre.

Lorsque Lavoie est arrivé en Bosnie, en 1997, la période de violence armée dans l'ancienne Yougoslavie était révolue. Le natif de Kapuskasing, aujourd'hui adjudant-maître chargé du maintien de l'équipement du 38e Groupe-brigade du Canada, se souvient "bien clairement" des ravages de la guerre.

"Les forces canadiennes faisaient alors partie de la mission de l'OTAN, chargée de stabiliser les zones sinistrées en Bosnie-Herzégovine, Croatie, Macédoine et au Kosovo. J'étais stationné la base canadienne de Drvar, en Bosnie, pour mes deux tours de mission. "J'assumais le maintien des véhicules, des génératrices d'électricité et d'autres équipements militaires. Parfois, il fallait quitter la base pour remorquer des véhicules qui avait été touchés par des mines.

"Le grand défi c'était de stabiliser la région. On était l pour aider les habitants du pays se remettre sur pied. Des villages entiers avaient été dévastés par la guerre. Dans bien des endroits, les gens vivaient comme au 19e siècle. On chargeait nos camions de bois pour le chauffage, sans parler d'eau potable.

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Saturday, Nov. 14, 2015

Marc Lavoie photo
La jeune Minyaka et Marc Lavoie, au march�� de Kaboul, la capitale de l�Afghanistan, en 2005.

Marc Lavoie photo
La jeune Minyaka et Marc Lavoie, au march�� de Kaboul, la capitale de l�Afghanistan, en 2005.

Constitution Act, Treaty 1 at CMHR

By Ashley Prest 3 minute read Preview

Constitution Act, Treaty 1 at CMHR

By Ashley Prest 3 minute read Thursday, Dec. 18, 2014

The original Treaty No. 1 land agreement of 1871 and the 1982 Proclamation of the Constitution Act are two of 11 historic and rarely loaned artifacts on display at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights.

The documents can be viewed in the CMHR's Protection Rights in Canada gallery and Canadian Journeys gallery and are on loan until September 2015 from the Library and Archives Canada based in Gatineau, Que. The display has been open to public viewing since the museum's opening day on Nov. 11.

Signed at Lower Fort Garry by Chippewan and Cree First Nations leaders and Queen Victoria, the Treaty No. 1 agreement is the original document with affixed seals and ribbon.

"Just looking at the display in the case, we've got 250 years of Canadian legal tradition and human rights tradition in these documents. There is a really wide breadth of historical significance," said Heather Bidzinski, the CMHR's head of collections.

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Thursday, Dec. 18, 2014

WAYNE GLOWACKI / WINNIPEG FREE PRESS
Heather Bidzinski views the Proclamation of the Constitution Act document at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights Wednesday.

WAYNE GLOWACKI / WINNIPEG FREE PRESS
Heather Bidzinski views the Proclamation of the Constitution Act document at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights Wednesday.

A war for Britain

Allan Levine 6 minute read Preview

A war for Britain

Allan Levine 6 minute read Friday, Aug. 29, 2014

Seventy-five years ago, on Sept. 1, 1939, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King was awakened early in the morning with news that the German Wehrmacht had crossed the border into Poland.

For the British and French this was the final straw in the frustrating negotiations with Adolf Hitler that had been ongoing for several years. The two western European powers declared war on Germany on Sept. 3.

Within a week Canada had also issued its own declaration of war; for unlike in August 1914 the country -- as a result of the Statute of Westminster of 1931 -- was not automatically at war with the British declaration. Nonetheless, despite Canada's new autonomous status within the empire, there really was never a doubt that Canada would stand by Britain's side in 1939, just as the country had during the First World War.

Ever since his celebrated meeting with Hitler in Berlin in June 1937, King believed war with Nazi Germany could be averted. Like many other world leaders who came into contact with the Hitler in the late '30s, King regarded him as a charismatic visionary, though unpredictable and possibly dangerous. As the situation worsened in the spring of 1938, King wrote in his diary that he was confident the world "will yet come to see a very great man ... in Hitler."

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Friday, Aug. 29, 2014

COURTESY OF UNDER THE WIRE / WASHINGTON POST
Mackenzie King greets Bill Ash, an American who served in the Spanish Civil War and who had an action-filled career in the RCAF during the Second World War. Ash died earlier this year.

COURTESY OF UNDER THE WIRE / WASHINGTON POST
Mackenzie King greets Bill Ash, an American who served in the Spanish Civil War and who had an action-filled career in the RCAF during the Second World War. Ash died earlier this year.
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Une geôle dans son état originel

Sabine Trégouët de La Liberté pour le Winnipeg Free Press 9 minute read Preview
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Une geôle dans son état originel

Sabine Trégouët de La Liberté pour le Winnipeg Free Press 9 minute read Saturday, Nov. 17, 2012

LA petite prison de Saint-Claude est une perle pour le patrimoine canadien. En effet, ce lieu d’histoire et de patrimoine constitue la seule prison municipale existant par elle-même dans l’Ouest canadien selon le Ministère de la Culture, Patrimoine et Tourisme du Manitoba.

“C’est la seule prison dans toutes les prairies qui subsiste à son état d’origine,” affirme le membre du comité de tourisme et de marketing de Saint-Claude, Roger Bazin. “Il y en avait d’autres de ce type aux alentours de Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes ou de Saint-Lazare, mais elles ont souvent été détruites.”

Construite en 1912, la prison a initialement été construite pour calmer les turbulences.

“Beaucoup d’employés des fermes venaient à Saint-Claude la fin de semaine pour boire dans le petit salon à bière et il y avait souvent des bagarres, raconte Roger Bazin. Il y avait des problèmes de boisson évidemment, mais aussi des vols et d’autres incidents. Comme on est éloignés de Winnipeg, la prison a été construite à la demande de la population pour mettre en détention ceux qui causaient des soucis.”

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Saturday, Nov. 17, 2012

Roger Bazin dans l’ancienne prison de Saint-Claude.

Roger Bazin dans l’ancienne prison de Saint-Claude.

Hard lives for home children

Tom Ford 5 minute read Monday, Jun. 27, 2011

OTTAWA -- The elderly man sat in front of me, his rheumy eyes and round, ruddy face giving me no inkling of what he was thinking. His hands were neatly folded in his lap. I had been told he was a home boy and I, a kid reporter at the Winnipeg Tribune, was supposed to interview him.

I'd been given half an hour to look up home children in the Tribune's library. Apparently, they were orphans and other children brought over by charities to stay with Canadian families and work as domestics or on farms. Some of them were as young as five.

I only learned later that Alex, the home boy I was supposed to interview, had been harshly treated in various homes; that he had been told endlessly to sit quietly with his hands folded; that his keepers -- all devoted Christians, I'm sure -- had drained most of the joy and vitality out of him.

I asked some questions; he answered quietly in monosyllables. The interview was a failure because I wasn't prepared.

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Moody historical fiction gives life to filles du roi banished to French colonies

Reviewed by Dana Medoro 4 minute read Saturday, Jan. 22, 2011

Bride of New France

By Suzanne Desrochers

Penguin Canada, 224 pages, $25

This is a moody, beautiful piece of historical fiction, casting Louis XIV's Paris as a grey and Gothic city, pitiless toward its poor and dark with imperial desires.

FLQ didn’t mean to kill people: Quebec author

By Andy Blatchford 3 minute read Preview

FLQ didn’t mean to kill people: Quebec author

By Andy Blatchford 3 minute read Friday, Oct. 15, 2010

MONTREAL -- An author of Quebec's high-school history textbooks says the FLQ never intended to kill people and its bombing victims were "collateral damage" in its push for independence.

Raymond Bedard also argues that Pierre Laporte's death during the October Crisis 40 years ago this weekend was an accident -- not murder.

Many in English Canada might be surprised to hear those views expressed by an author of history textbooks and a man who has seen thousands of students pass through his class in his 30 years as a teacher.

But Bedard's take on the events of 1970 offers a glimpse into the different lessons taught in the province's history classes.

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Friday, Oct. 15, 2010

THE CANADIAN PRESS ARCHIVES
Headline announces War Measures Act in Ottawa, Oct. 16, 1970.

THE CANADIAN PRESS ARCHIVES
Headline announces War Measures Act in Ottawa,  Oct. 16, 1970.

FLQ Manifesto part of the past

3 minute read Friday, Sep. 11, 2009

Decent people should be offended by the fact that a national agency will permit the reading of a terrorist manifesto next weekend at the Plains of Abraham in Quebec City as part of a series of readings to commemorate the 1759 battle that altered the course of Canadian history.

The manifesto in question was issued in October 1970 by the Front de Liberation du Quebec following the kidnapping of British diplomat James Cross and Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte, who was subsequently murdered. The FLQ was responsible for more than 200 bombings in Quebec during the 1960s, causing the deaths of at least five people. It was all done in the name of creating an independent Marxist Quebec.

The National Battlefields Commission, the same group that cancelled plans for a major re-enactment of the battle because of fears of a violent backlash, a decision for which it should be ashamed, has said it will allow the reading of the FLQ Manifesto, but was quick to point out that it does not endorse the document. That kind of courage is admirable, although it's unfortunate it was not in evidence when the commission backed down from plans for the historical re-enactment.

Decent people should be offended that the manifesto will get a public airing at the commemorative event -- Montreal singer and sovereigntist Luck Mervil has even been asked to perform the reading -- but it would be a violation of Canadian values to ban it from the stage.