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The Free Press Social Studies Grade 12 Education Subject Land and Treaties: Relationships and Responsibilities

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Land and Treaties: Relationships and Responsibilities

Please review each article prior to use: grade-level applicability and curricular alignment might not be obvious from the headline alone.

MP for Winnipeg South Terry Duguid (Mikaela MacKenzie / Free Press files)
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Ottawa renews commitment, provides funding, for Lake Winnipeg watershed protection

Nicole Buffie 3 minute read Preview
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Ottawa renews commitment, provides funding, for Lake Winnipeg watershed protection

Nicole Buffie 3 minute read Wednesday, Sep. 9, 2026

The federal government has renewed its memorandum of understanding with the province to protect the Lake Winnipeg watershed and is contributing more than $2 million for several projects to protect the basin.

Ottawa and the province have agreed to extend the current MOU for an additional five-year term, to August 21, 2031. The understanding has been in place since 2010.

“Lake Winnipeg is not only an environmental treasure, it’s also an economic treasure. But we also know that Lake Winnipeg is under pressure. Too many nutrients, particularly phosphorus, are entering the lake, contributing to harmful algae blooms and affecting water quality and ecosystem health,” said Terry Duguid, MP for Winnipeg South.

Lake Winnipeg is one of the largest freshwater bodies in the world and its watershed spans parts of four provinces and four American states. It is vulnerable to high levels of nutrients caused by agricultural runoff, sewage and other contaminants that create large algae blooms and affect fisheries.

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Wednesday, Sep. 9, 2026
Winkler-based internet provider delivering high-speed service to 30 rural and First Nations Manitoba communities
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Winkler-based internet provider delivering high-speed service to 30 rural and First Nations Manitoba communities

Nicole Buffie 3 minute read Preview
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Winkler-based internet provider delivering high-speed service to 30 rural and First Nations Manitoba communities

Nicole Buffie 3 minute read Tuesday, Sep. 8, 2026

Valley Fiber says it is undertaking one of its largest fibre optic projects and is building infrastructure that will deliver internet to 10,000 homes and businesses in rural and First Nations communities across Manitoba.

“These communities will now have access to the fastest internet network in Manitoba, and it will power their lives and their business,” Ryan Klassen, chief executive officer of the Winkler-based internet provider, said Tuesday from Fisher River Cree Nation.

The province has granted Valley Fiber use of two of its underused cables on the existing Manitoba Hydro fibre optic network for up to 20 years as part of the project, which will connect nearly 30 communities — including Buffalo Point, Hollow Water, Black River and Peguis First Nations, along with Fisher River and Fox Lake Cree Nations — to high-speed internet.

Construction should be finished by 2027.

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Tuesday, Sep. 8, 2026
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Canadians do not want to sacrifice nature for development

Emily McMillan and Akaash Maharaj 4 minute read Tuesday, Sep. 8, 2026

Prime Minister Mark Carney’s pledge to build faster — “Build, baby, build” — helped propel the Liberals to victory, but his government’s push to fast-track major development projects by cutting environmental oversight is sharply out of step with Canadians’ priorities.

It is a political miscalculation that could come back to haunt the Liberals at the ballot box.

New polling, commissioned by Nature Canada and conducted by EKOS Research Associates, shows strong support among Canadians for protecting nature and endangered species while building the economy.

Canadians soundly reject the notion that they must sacrifice conservation protections for economic development.

Jeff McIntosh / the Canadian press files
                                Alberta Premier Danielle Smith waits to deliver a speech at an Alberta Day event in Calgary.

Smith’s pretzel logic confuses

Editorial 4 minute read Preview

Smith’s pretzel logic confuses

Editorial 4 minute read Saturday, Sep. 5, 2026

Alberta Premier Danielle Smith had both sides of her mouth working overtime on Aug. 30, when she spoke at an event in Calgary to commemorate Alberta Day, the annual celebration of the province’s entry into Confederation in 1905 (officially Sept. 1, it was celebrated on the weekend).

Smith’s comments — and the things she did not say — revealed a lot about the political tightrope the premier is trying to walk over the challenges currently faced by her province. At the top of that list of challenges is a persistent campaign to separate Alberta from the aforementioned Confederation. A campaign that Smith appears to both support and oppose, depending on which day of the week it is.

Her Alberta Day remarks were an excellent case in point.

Smith has decided that on Oct. 19, Albertans will vote on a series of non-binding propositions in a province referendum. One of those questions will ask Albertans whether they want to hold a referendum on separation, thus making this fall’s vote a “referendum on whether to hold a referendum,” as some observers have dubbed it.

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Saturday, Sep. 5, 2026

Canada’s first Ukrainian pioneers

Peter John Manastyrsky 4 minute read Saturday, Sep. 5, 2026

On Aug. 24, Canadians of Ukrainian descent and Ukrainians throughout the diaspora celebrated the 35th anniversary of the restoration of Ukraine’s independence. This jubilant occasion identified Ukraine’s sovereignty within the international community.

Another milestone event will soon be addressed by Ukrainians. On Sept. 7, 1891 — 135 years ago — the first wave of Ukrainians arrived in our country.

Two adventurous individuals, Ivan Pylypiw and Wasyl Elyniak, were the first two officially recorded Ukrainian immigrants in Canada. They arrived in Montreal, on the steamship Oregon, and are considered the pioneers of the dynamic Ukrainian Canadian community that settled in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Pylypiw and Elyniak were directly responsible for the first settlements on the Prairies by eventually bringing their own families and inspiring other households to come.

No one leaves their country unless inspired by some selfless ideal or compelled to do so by reasons of an imperative nature, such as politics and economics — as with the mass Ukrainian migration of 2022, after the Russian invasion, when millions of Ukrainians fled their homes and settled throughout Canada and the world.

Participants take part in a round dance following an Orange Shirt Day Walk last September in Brandon. (Tim Smith / The Brandon Sun files)
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How to make National Day for Truth and Reconciliation personal

Niigaan Sinclair 5 minute read Preview
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How to make National Day for Truth and Reconciliation personal

Niigaan Sinclair 5 minute read Friday, Sep. 4, 2026

Throughout September, there will be thousands of opportunities to participate in the interests of truth, reconciliation and building a Canada that is inclusive and just. If you run out of ideas for taking part, here are a few things you can do.

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Friday, Sep. 4, 2026
MIKE DEAL / FREE PRESS FILES
                                City coun. Sherri Rollins (Fort Rouge-East Fort Garry) says the approach to managing public spaces affected by the homeless crisis isn’t working.

Councillors want city to revamp homeless camp approach

Scott Billeck 5 minute read Preview

Councillors want city to revamp homeless camp approach

Scott Billeck 5 minute read Friday, Sep. 4, 2026

Three Winnipeg councillors say the city uses lack of housing as an excuse to drop the ball on managing public spaces affected by the homeless crisis.

Sherri Rollins, Cindy Gilroy and John Orlikow want bureaucrats to develop a co-ordinated, proportionate and measured approach to maintaining safe, accessible and usable public spaces.

On Friday, they put forward a motion at the final city centre committee meeting before the Oct. 28 election. Gilroy is the only one seeking re-election, in the Daniel McIntyre ward.

“Right now, we have de facto designated encampments. We have increasing social disorder that much of the sector is pointing toward our own policy and blaming it for causing the disruption to the whole entirety of the city and spreading the problem,” said Rollins (Fort Rouge-East Fort Garry).

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Friday, Sep. 4, 2026
A person takes a picture of the new sign for Lake Ontario at Fifty Point Conservation Area in Grimsby, Ont., on Saturday, Aug. 29, 2026. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Keito Newman

Apple begins replacing Lake Ontario with ‘Lake America’ on maps app for U.S. users

Kelly Geraldine Malone, The Canadian Press 4 minute read Preview

Apple begins replacing Lake Ontario with ‘Lake America’ on maps app for U.S. users

Kelly Geraldine Malone, The Canadian Press 4 minute read Friday, Sep. 4, 2026

WASHINGTON - Apple is changing its Maps app to rename Lake Ontario as "Lake America" for users in the United States after U.S. President Donald Trump signed an order to change the name of the Great Lake.

"Apple Maps has just announced that it has changed the name of Lake Ontario to Lake America, so now that very important change of names, between Google Maps and Apple Maps, is complete, ratified, and binding" Trump posted on social media Wednesday. "Thank you for your attention to this matter!"

Apple did not immediately respond to a request for comment. U.S. Interior Secretary Doug Burgum told the Fox Business network Monday that Trump reached out directly to Apple to ensure the new name would be used on its service.

People in Canada who use Apple Maps still see the lake identified as Lake Ontario.

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Friday, Sep. 4, 2026
A person takes a picture of the newly unveiled sign for Lake Ontario at Fifty Point Conservation Area in Grimsby, Ont., on Saturday, Aug. 29, 2026. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Keito Newman

Trump contacted Apple directly to change name of Lake Ontario to Lake America: Burgum

Kelly Geraldine Malone, The Canadian Press 5 minute read Preview

Trump contacted Apple directly to change name of Lake Ontario to Lake America: Burgum

Kelly Geraldine Malone, The Canadian Press 5 minute read Tuesday, Sep. 1, 2026

WASHINGTON - U.S. President Donald Trump contacted Apple directly to pressure the tech giant to change the name of Lake Ontario to "Lake America," a top administration official said Monday.

U.S. Interior Secretary Doug Burgum told the Fox Business network the body of water's name might soon change on Apple maps.

Trump signed an executive order last week to rename the Great Lake as tensions between the United States and Canada escalated following a breakdown in trade talks.

Google Maps updated its service to identify the body of water as "Lake America" for users in the United States over the weekend. The company said in a post on its corporate website Saturday the change was made because the U.S. government's geographic names database had formally renamed the lake.

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Tuesday, Sep. 1, 2026
Supporters fly flags in support of Mitch Sylvestre as he submits his signatures for a separation referendum to Elections Alberta in Edmonton, on Monday, May 4, 2026. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Jason Franson
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Separatists hold independence rally in lead-up to Alberta’s birthday bash

Fakiha Baig, The Canadian Press 5 minute read Preview
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Separatists hold independence rally in lead-up to Alberta’s birthday bash

Fakiha Baig, The Canadian Press 5 minute read Monday, Sep. 21, 2026

EDMONTON - Alberta separatists converged outside the legislature in Edmonton on Saturday afternoon ahead of the province's birthday, with many praying, listening to sermons and saying Alberta would be better off without Canada after having joined Confederation 121 years ago.

"It's the corruption, the lies from out east. I'm just tired of it," said Skip Macaulay, a rally attendee who lives in the central Alberta city of Lacombe. "I'm tired of being told how to live my life. I'm a gun enthusiast ... I want change."

"They don't listen to what Alberta wants and needs," said Jill Didow, an Edmonton resident who was also at the rally. "I believe in Alberta independence."

Alberta officially became a province on Sept. 1, 1905, and various festivities are planned this weekend to mark the anniversary on Tuesday.

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Monday, Sep. 21, 2026
The Associated Press
                                U.S. President Donald Trump holds up a signed executive order renaming Lake Ontario as “Lake America” in the Oval Office of the White House on Thursday. Erasing the Indigenous name for a lake is just another step in Trump’s attacks on Indigenous Peoples, Niigaan Sinclair writes.
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Carney’s defence of Lake Ontario carries enormous weight

Niigaan Sinclair 5 minute read Preview
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Carney’s defence of Lake Ontario carries enormous weight

Niigaan Sinclair 5 minute read Friday, Aug. 28, 2026

Prime Minister Mark Carney's response to Trump's "Lake America" name change suggests something kind of new in the fight against the United States in this escalating trade war: pride in Canada’s Indigenity.

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Friday, Aug. 28, 2026
AirScapes After several years of upheaval, economic fortunes are beginning to turn for Thompson’s nickel mine complex.

Trump’s tariff tantrum, geopolitical turmoil could be blessings in disguise for Manitoba’s diversified economy

Conrad Sweatman 18 minute read Preview

Trump’s tariff tantrum, geopolitical turmoil could be blessings in disguise for Manitoba’s diversified economy

Conrad Sweatman 18 minute read Friday, Aug. 28, 2026

It’s early July and Warren Luky’s second last day before he retires as president of United Steelworkers Local 6166. After a career at the bargaining table and in and around mineshafts, Luky speaks candidly as he fires up a barbecue at his Thompson home.

Luky, who represents 472 miners at Vale’s Thompson mining operation along with other northern labourers, is quite aware of the buzzwords currently attached to his trade and the region.

Phrases like “Arctic sovereignty,” “trade diversification,” “Indigenous-led” and “critical minerals” have caught on with politicians of all stripes over the past couple years as federal and provincial governments tout the need for greater Canadian sovereignty, with the push for major infrastructure projects declared a matter of national interest.

In light of the bitter collapse in trade negotiations between Canada and the U.S. on Aug. 21 — a historic blow to cross-border relations — these phrases are bound to become more contagious.

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Friday, Aug. 28, 2026
Premier of Saskatchewan Scott Moe, left, and Premier of Ontario Doug Ford shake hands during a media event to sign a Memorandum of Understanding in Saskatoon on Sunday, June 1, 2025. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Liam Richards

Premiers at odds over leveraging potash in Canada’s trade war with U.S.

Nick Murray, The Canadian Press 4 minute read Preview

Premiers at odds over leveraging potash in Canada’s trade war with U.S.

Nick Murray, The Canadian Press 4 minute read Sunday, Aug. 30, 2026

OTTAWA - Premiers are sharply divided over whether to use Canada's natural resources as leverage in the trade war with the U.S., and potash has emerged as a key point of contention.

Canada is a major global supplier of potash, a key ingredient in fertilizers that are vital for the agricultural sector. The U.S. imports about 85 per cent of its potash from Canada.

While Ontario’s Doug Ford is pushing to pull the most damaging levers with the U.S., Saskatchewan’s Scott Moe and Alberta’s Danielle Smith are warning about a harmful long-term backlash.

Federal politicians are also weighing in. NDP leader Avi Lewis called for an export tax on "oil, gas, thermal coal, potash and other minerals to hit Trump where it hurts."

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Sunday, Aug. 30, 2026
RUTH BONNEVILLE / FREE PRESS FILES
                                Northern and Arctic Affairs Minister Rebecca Chartrand announced the funding for MKO Thursday.
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Ottawa funds sentencing program for northern Manitoba offenders

Erik Pindera 3 minute read Preview
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Ottawa funds sentencing program for northern Manitoba offenders

Erik Pindera 3 minute read Thursday, Aug. 27, 2026

The federal government has put up $5 million for a Manitoba Keewatinowi Okimakanak project to provide culturally connected sentencing options for First Nations offenders in northern Manitoba.

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Thursday, Aug. 27, 2026
MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS FILES
                                The Manitoba Métis Federation is a potential buyer of the Fort Garry Hotel.

Owners, agents reviewing bids to purchase Fort Garry Hotel

Chris Kitching 3 minute read Preview

Owners, agents reviewing bids to purchase Fort Garry Hotel

Chris Kitching 3 minute read Thursday, Aug. 27, 2026

Downtown Winnipeg’s Fort Garry Hotel is a step closer to a potential sale.

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Thursday, Aug. 27, 2026
Ruth Bonneville / Free Press
                                A monarch butterfly named Eddie, sits on a tree branch outside the museum after being released with a transmitter on him Wednesday. Assiniboine Park Zoo and Living Prairie Museum staff tag monarch butterflies f.with real-time trackers to learn from their winter migration Wednesday. This is the first time Manitoba butterfly travel will be tracked.
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Researchers tracking Manitoba monarchs migrating to Mexico

Tiago Resko 4 minute read Preview
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Researchers tracking Manitoba monarchs migrating to Mexico

Tiago Resko 4 minute read Wednesday, Aug. 26, 2026

Thirty monarch butterflies were outfitted with trackers at the Living Prairie Museum this week as part of a national effort to help preserve the endangered species, marking the first time the new technology has been used in Manitoba.

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Wednesday, Aug. 26, 2026
Alberta Premier Danielle Smith is pictured arriving ahead of the First Ministers Meeting with Prime Minister Mark Carney in Charlottetown on Thursday July 23, 2026. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Darren Calabrese
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Alberta’s Smith bucks NDP call to cancel separation vote amid Canada-U.S. trade war

The Canadian Press 4 minute read Preview
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Alberta’s Smith bucks NDP call to cancel separation vote amid Canada-U.S. trade war

The Canadian Press 4 minute read Wednesday, Sep. 16, 2026

GRANDE PRAIRIE - Alberta Premier Danielle Smith is continuing to buck calls to postpone a fall referendum she scheduled about the province quitting Canada.

Opposition NDP Leader Naheed Nenshi has said the vote projects an image of national weakness amid Canada's tense trade war with the United States.

When asked Wednesday about the risks to Canadian unity, Smith said holding the vote is a "separate process," and she pointed to the province's citizen initiative law, last changed by her government this spring.

The Oct. 19 referendum will ask Albertans whether they want the province to stay in Canada or to start the legal process to hold a future binding vote on separation.

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Wednesday, Sep. 16, 2026

The rural/urban immigration difference

Patrick MacKenzie and Enver Naidoo 4 minute read Wednesday, Aug. 26, 2026

Conversations about immigration often pretend that managing the numbers and where they go is as simple as turning a dial up or down. Like most things, the truth is more nuanced.

The Immigrant Employment Councils of Canada network’s 18-month engagement with over 1,100 employers, community and settlement service stakeholders made this apparent in many ways but, perhaps an underappreciated facet is the contrast between urban and rural immigration, and what challenges both immigrants and employers face in each context.

Rural and urban labour markets differ in structure, services and constraints, and a one-size solution will underdeliver everywhere.

This is why we have government programs such as the Rural Community Immigration Pilot, currently active in 14 areas across the country, as well as the provincial nominee program and provincial rural immigration pilots such as Manitoba’s West-Central Immigration Initiative.

FILE - A sea turtle swims among tourists snorkeling at Piskado beach in Westpunt, Curacao, May 15, 2026 (AP Photo/Matias Delacroix, File)
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Earth is simmering in its hottest water temps on record, and that’s bad for fish and us

Seth Borenstein, The Associated Press 5 minute read Preview
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Earth is simmering in its hottest water temps on record, and that’s bad for fish and us

Seth Borenstein, The Associated Press 5 minute read Tuesday, Sep. 15, 2026

The world's oceans simmered to their hottest temperatures on record over the weekend and are likely to warm even further in the next few months, putting stress on life in the water and on land too, the European climate service Copernicus announced Monday.

Spurred by a still growing but already supersized natural El Nino and human-caused climate change, the world's ocean temperatures hit 21.1 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit) on Friday and Saturday, narrowly edging out the average daily record set in March 2024, said Samantha Burgess, strategic climate lead for Copernicus.

“This is yet another sign of our climate system under strain and the ocean under immense pressure,” Burgess said.

Jane Lubchenco, an oceanographer and former chief of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration called the record “very troubling.”

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Tuesday, Sep. 15, 2026
MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS Artist Lourdes Still with her work in the new exhibition Terra Cognita/Incognita at the Winnipeg Art Gallery-Qaumajuq on Thursday.
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New exhibition offers up 125 different ways to look at Canada

Jen Zoratti 6 minute read Preview
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New exhibition offers up 125 different ways to look at Canada

Jen Zoratti 6 minute read Monday, Aug. 17, 2026

As a curator and head of collections and exhibitions at WAG-Qaumajuq, Riva Symko has been contemplating landscapes in art for a long time. But living in an ever-changing and ever-threatened one has altered her perspective on them.

Before coming to Winnipeg, Symko and her husband lived in Anchorage, Alaska. One day, seven or so years ago, they were out hiking when a sudden thunderstorm rolled through — “which is very unusual in Alaska,” she says — sparking a forest fire that ended up raging out of control. That summer, the whole city, save for the ocean side, was surrounded by fire and blanketed with heavy smoke. Climate change was viscerally visible.

“And since then, I really haven’t been able to look at a beautiful landscape the same,” she says.

With Terra Cognita/Incognita, a new exhibition opening at WAG-Qaumajuq Wednesday night, Symko wants to inspire and challenge viewers to look at landscapes differently, too.

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Monday, Aug. 17, 2026
Recently, Carney and Smith were issued a strongly worded warning by the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs (UBCIC) about the destructive and disastrous consequences of expanding fossil fuel production as more than 100 devastating wildfires burn throughout that province. (The Canadian Press files)

Indigenous peoples are deeply invested in Canada

Niigaan Sinclair 5 minute read Preview

Indigenous peoples are deeply invested in Canada

Niigaan Sinclair 5 minute read Monday, Aug. 17, 2026

First Nations voters have only been allowed the legal right to cast a ballot in Canadian elections since 1960, but many in the past — perhaps rightly — felt a sense of complicity in the country’s colonization or, worse, that voting didn’t make a difference. Not anymore.

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Monday, Aug. 17, 2026
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Churches make collective gift toward fostering reconciliation

John Longhurst 4 minute read Saturday, Aug. 15, 2026

Three Canadian denominations have taken another step towards reconciliation with Indigenous people.

At a June 18 gifting ceremony here in Winnipeg, the United, Anglican and Presbyterian churches made a collective gift of $1.5 million towards the construction of a new permanent home for the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation (NCTR) at the University of Manitoba’s Fort Garry campus.

In so doing, they were following up on the four calls to action for Canadian churches from the 2015 Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s final report.

One of them, call No. 59, asked churches that were involved in operating residential schools to support ways to help members of their congregations learn about their church’s role in colonization and residential schools.

More than 40 per cent of registered electors living in Indigenous communities voted in the federal election last year, a new Elections Canada report shows. A man enters an advance polling station in Ottawa on September 10, 2021. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Adrian Wyld
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Elections Canada says 40% of people in Indigenous communities voted federally in 2025

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 3 minute read Preview
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Elections Canada says 40% of people in Indigenous communities voted federally in 2025

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 3 minute read Saturday, Sep. 5, 2026

OTTAWA - More than 40 per cent of registered electors living in Indigenous communities voted in the federal election last year, a new Elections Canada report shows.

The highest level of voter participation in Indigenous communities was recorded in the Yukon at 61.9 per cent, while the lowest level was recorded in Quebec at 21.1 per cent.

Across Canada, nearly 70 per cent of registered electors cast ballots in the 2025 election.

Indigenous people in Canada tend to be less likely than others to vote in federal elections — a legacy of decades of mistrust and tensions between their communities and Ottawa.

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Saturday, Sep. 5, 2026
MIKE DEAL / FREE PRESS FILES
                                Justice Minister Matt Wiebe will be signing a memorandum of understanding today to create a community circuit court that will include the involvement of Opaskwayak elders and community resources and services.
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Opaskwayak restorative justice court to give offenders opportunity to ‘heal’

Erik Pindera 5 minute read Preview
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Opaskwayak restorative justice court to give offenders opportunity to ‘heal’

Erik Pindera 5 minute read Thursday, Aug. 13, 2026

The Manitoba government, provincial court and Opaskwayak Cree Nation are signing a memorandum of understanding today to establish a community-led court focused on Indigenous restorative justice principles.

Justice Minister Matt Wiebe is in the northern First Nation, which neighbours The Pas, to attend this week’s Opaskwayak Indigenous Days summer festival, ahead of the signing of the nation-to-nation agreement after a pipe ceremony today.

“This is really a pivotal marker on the path to reconciliation for our justice system and an incredible opportunity to begin the process of reconciling the two systems of justice, that being the traditional Indigenous justice system with our colonial system,” Wiebe told the Free Press on Wednesday.

“I’m just excited to be here to have the opportunity to formally mark the collaboration, but really to listen and to hear from community about the best ways, the best path forward.”

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Thursday, Aug. 13, 2026
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