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The Free Press Social Studies Grade 11: History of Canada Education Subject Becoming a Sovereign Nation 1867-1931

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Becoming a Sovereign Nation 1867-1931

Please review each article prior to use: grade-level applicability and curricular alignment might not be obvious from the headline alone.

Patrick Doyle / THE CANADIAN PRESS FILES
                                Winnipeg Centre NDP MP Leah Gazan’s Bill C-254 attempts to criminalize public engagement in residential school denialism.

MTS petition on residential school denialism garners 2,500 signatures

Maggie Macintosh 4 minute read Preview

MTS petition on residential school denialism garners 2,500 signatures

Maggie Macintosh 4 minute read Tuesday, Jun. 30, 2026

The Manitoba Teachers’ Society is petitioning Ottawa to make it illegal to deny, downplay or justify the harms of residential schools.

Its e-petition — formally known as “e-7191” on the House of Commons website — will close mid-morning Thursday, after a 120-day campaign to collect signatures in support of updating the Criminal Code.

“We won’t tolerate the denialism or the distortion of history,” said Lillian Klausen, who represents 17,000 public school teachers across the province.

The union leader said listening to the voices that have long been excluded from history textbooks “is part of trying to reconcile.”

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Tuesday, Jun. 30, 2026
Treat Them As Buffalo
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Sask. Métis village grapples with child abductions, North-West Rebellion

Reviewed by Susan Huebert 4 minute read Preview
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Sask. Métis village grapples with child abductions, North-West Rebellion

Reviewed by Susan Huebert 4 minute read Saturday, Jun. 20, 2026

Major events and big personalities can overshadow the lives of ordinary people, but even the youngest and seemingly least important members of a society can help shape communities.

In Treat Them as Buffalo, Blair Palmer Yoxall has portrayed various characters in a Métis village in 1885 Saskatchewan through the life of a 12-year-old boy named Nikosis (Niko) Eriksen and his interactions with relatives and friends in the context of a community crisis and Louis Riel’s rebellion.

Yoxall is an Alberta Métis writer and poet with a master of arts in English in Indigenous literature and westerns. His fiction has won a range of prizes and landed on a number of short lists. His prose and poetry pieces have appeared in Glass Buffalo, the Fiddlehead and Carving Space: The Indigenous Voices Awards Anthology. Treat Them as Buffalo is his first novel.

The novel follows Nikosis (Cree for “my son”) as he attempts to sort out the events occurring in his home community, Lac-aux-Trois-Pistoles, Sask., in 1885. Several boys, including Niko’s cousin, have disappeared from the town, with some reappearing mutilated or dead. Niko’s mother, grandmother and aunt try to protect him, while other women in the community attempt to find their missing sons and grandsons. Meanwhile, a fierce fighting woman named Kate McCannon seeks to resolve the situation, offering to help with the search and rescue operations.

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Saturday, Jun. 20, 2026
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History of Doctrine of Discovery is complicated

John Longhurst 5 minute read Saturday, Jun. 20, 2026

Graydon Nicholas, a retired lawyer, judge and an elder from the Wolastoqey First Nation in New Brunswick, understands only too well the negative impact of colonization on Indigenous people in the Americas.

He also understands the role the Roman Catholic Church played in it through what became known as the Doctrine of Discovery — the idea that by “discovering” the Americas, colonizing countries like Spain and Portugal could claim Indigenous land as their own.

But Nicholas, who is Roman Catholic, also believes the story is more complicated than most people realize and also incomplete without noting opposition from those in the Church during that age of discovery and conquest.

That includes Dominican priests such as Antonio de Montesinos, who publicly condemned Spanish and Portuguese abuses against Indigenous people in the Americas during that time.

Free Press Files
                                The Seven Oaks monument, erected by the Manitoba Historical Society in 1891, is the oldest historic marker in Western Canada. It sits at the northeast corner of Main Street and Rupertsland Avenue.

210 years of resistance: the Métis at Seven Oaks

Mason Hausermann 4 minute read Preview

210 years of resistance: the Métis at Seven Oaks

Mason Hausermann 4 minute read Thursday, Jun. 18, 2026

This battle, which took place in present-day Winnipeg, was part of the Pemmican War, which saw several altercations between the Hudson’s Bay and North West companies as they fought for domination of the fur trade between 1812 and 1821.

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Thursday, Jun. 18, 2026

Education, reconciliation and Murray Sinclair

Sandy Nemeth 4 minute read Friday, Jun. 12, 2026

"Education got us into this mess and education will get us out of it.” With these familiar and powerful words, the late Justice Murray Sinclair, chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, pointed deliberately and necessarily to education as the key to reconciliation.

MIKE DEAL / FREE PRESS
                                The HBC Royal Charter is 356 years old.
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HBC charter goes on display at Manitoba Museum

Conrad Sweatman 6 minute read Preview
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HBC charter goes on display at Manitoba Museum

Conrad Sweatman 6 minute read Thursday, Jun. 11, 2026

After months of petitions, legal scrutiny and political pressure, the 1670 Hudson’s Bay Company Royal Charter has formally arrived at the Manitoba Museum, marked by a ceremony including many notable Canadian and Indigenous political leaders.

“It’s with a profound sense of gratitude and humility that I stand before you today as we recognize the gifting of the HBC Royal Charter, together with our consortium partners,” said Dorota Blumczynska, CEO of the Manitoba Museum.

“Today marks an opportunity that is not to redefine the past, but to better understand it, and to help us use it to build a more just and inclusive future.”

The 356-year-old document, which not only birthed HBC, but effectively laid a foundation for colonial Canada itself, attracted new controversies in the last year or so. After years of bleeding at the bottom line, HBC announced in March 2025 that it would begin liquidating its stores across the country and selling off its assets to pay off creditors.

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Thursday, Jun. 11, 2026
Hudson's Bay is expected to appear at an Ontario court to push for its royal charter to hit the auction block next month. The extinct retailer wants permission for its financial adviser to run a sales process for the document, which established the Bay in 1670. (Sept. 29, 2025)

HBC Royal Charter welcomed in ceremony at Manitoba Museum

Ian Bickis, The Canadian Press 4 minute read Preview

HBC Royal Charter welcomed in ceremony at Manitoba Museum

Ian Bickis, The Canadian Press 4 minute read Friday, Jun. 12, 2026

WINNIPEG - A 356-year-old document that granted the Hudson's Bay Co. control over roughly one-third of Canada is now in public hands.

The HBC Royal Charter was unveiled Thursday at the Manitoba Museum in Winnipeg in a ceremony that was both a celebration of the new life of the document and a reflection on the troubled legacy it created.

"In 1670, a king, sitting across the ocean, claimed authority over our lands," said Ovide Mercredi, former national chief of the Assembly of First Nations.

"Through the so-called right of discovery, vast territories were granted to the Hudson's Bay Co., as if our lands and territories were empty. But our lands were not empty, our nations were here."

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Friday, Jun. 12, 2026
Conservative MP Billy Morin arrives on Parliament Hill in Ottawa before a meeting of the Conservative caucus on Wednesday, March 11, 2026. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Justin Tang
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Tory MP says 4,000 letters sent urging Carney to amend Indian Act status rules

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 4 minute read Preview
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Tory MP says 4,000 letters sent urging Carney to amend Indian Act status rules

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 4 minute read Thursday, Jul. 2, 2026

OTTAWA - A Conservative MP says more than 4,000 letters have been sent to the House of Commons committee on Indigenous issues demanding that the federal government immediately change the way First Nations status works under the Indian Act.

MP Billy Morin, the former chief of Enoch Cree Nation who serves as the Conservative party's critic of Indigenous Services, echoed those calls in a letter he sent to Prime Minister Mark Carney this week.

The committee, known as INAN, is studying legislation that would change the rules establishing who is entitled to First Nations status under the Indian Act. It was introduced in the Senate as S-2 and initially had support from the governing Liberals.

The legislation was drafted to eliminate some gender inequities in the Indian Act and allow some 3,500 people to become eligible for First Nations status.

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Thursday, Jul. 2, 2026
Britain's King Charles III meets with National Chief Cindy Woodhouse Nepinak at Buckingham Palace in London, U.K. on Tuesday June 2, 2026. (Yui Mok/Pool Photo via AP)
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AFN chief rebukes Alberta separation talks in meeting with King Charles

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 3 minute read Preview
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AFN chief rebukes Alberta separation talks in meeting with King Charles

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 3 minute read Wednesday, Jun. 24, 2026

OTTAWA - The national chief of the Assembly of First Nations rebuked the Alberta separation movement during a meeting with King Charles at Buckingham Palace on Tuesday.

"The King was there with us in unison, that First Nations are foundational partners in the creation of Canada, and our relationship cannot be changed or moved just from politics," Cindy Woodhouse Nepinak told The Canadian Press in an interview.

"As long as the sun shines, the grass grows and the river flows, we're all treaty people in Canada."

The Alberta government is putting forward a referendum in October asking voters if they want to remain part of Canada or to pursue a second binding referendum on separating from Canada.

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Wednesday, Jun. 24, 2026
Manitoba Premier Wab Kinew speaks during a closing news conference of a meeting of western premiers in Kananaskis, Alta., Tuesday, May 26, 2026. (Jeff McIntosh / The Canadian Press files)
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Peace, justice and bringing this country together

Niigaan Sinclair 5 minute read Preview
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Peace, justice and bringing this country together

Niigaan Sinclair 5 minute read Monday, Jun. 1, 2026

From the War of 1812 to today, no one has stood up for this country and worked for unity in this place more than Indigenous Peoples.

Read
Monday, Jun. 1, 2026
Laura Arndt, centre, an intergenerational survivor, gives support to Mohawk Institute residential school survivors Sherlene Bomberry, left, and Diane Hill, right, as they listen to the preliminary declaration at the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Missing Children and Unmarked Graves in Canada in Montreal on Friday, May 29, 2026. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Christinne Muschi
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Human rights panel accuses Canada of genocide against Indigenous population

Erika Morris, The Canadian Press 5 minute read Preview
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Human rights panel accuses Canada of genocide against Indigenous population

Erika Morris, The Canadian Press 5 minute read Saturday, Jun. 20, 2026

MONTREAL - An international panel of human rights experts has accused Canada of committing genocide against its Indigenous population after a week of hearings in Montreal.

The Permanent Peoples' Tribunal was mandated to look at missing and disappeared children and unmarked graves at Canada’s residential school sites, as well as the forced sterilization of Indigenous women, through the lens of international law.

The panel of seven judges said Canada historically adopted a series of policies that they deemed were crimes against humanity with genocidal intent, including the residential schools, which were in operation for over 150 years. The last residential school closed in 1996.

Survivors at the hearings held onto each other and wiped away tears as three tribunal members read out the decision.

Read
Saturday, Jun. 20, 2026
Golfers walk on the first hole at Country Meadows Golf Course, which falls within the boundaries of a Cowichan Nation Aboriginal title claim, in an aerial view in Richmond, B.C., on Friday, August 22, 2025. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Darryl Dyck
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Ruling against Aboriginal title on private land is allowed to stand by high court

Wolfgang Depner and Nono Shen, The Canadian Press 6 minute read Preview
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Ruling against Aboriginal title on private land is allowed to stand by high court

Wolfgang Depner and Nono Shen, The Canadian Press 6 minute read Friday, Jun. 19, 2026

A New Brunswick ruling that Aboriginal title cannot be declared over private land has been allowed to stand by the Supreme Court of Canada, giving British Columbia an avenue to win its appeal in the landmark Cowichan Tribes case, B.C.'s attorney general said Thursday.

Niki Sharma said the high court's refusal to hear an appeal by the Wolastoqey First Nation in the case involving Aboriginal title in New Brunswick gives B.C. a "clear path" for an appeal in the Cowichan case, which has cast doubt on the primacy of private property rights.

"When it's the same legal issues that we are dealing with here, I think that bodes well for our arguments, and the appeals that we are seeking in B.C.," she said.

The mayor of Richmond, B.C., meanwhile said private property owners in the Cowichan Tribes title area should "breathe a little easier" in light of the Supreme Court of Canada's ruling.

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Friday, Jun. 19, 2026
James Verscheure / Submitted
                                The pysanky (decorated egg) collection at Oseredok is the largest of its kind outside of Ukraine.
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The quiet power — and necessity — of Oseredok

Stephen Borys 6 minute read Preview
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The quiet power — and necessity — of Oseredok

Stephen Borys 6 minute read Thursday, May. 28, 2026

At a moment when Ukraine sits at the centre of global political attention, one of North America’s most important Ukrainian cultural institutions continues to operate quietly in Winnipeg’s Exchange District.

For many Winnipeggers, Oseredok remains one of the city’s hidden treasures — preserving an extraordinary collection of Ukrainian and Ukrainian-Canadian art, artifacts and archives within its five-storey building on Alexander Avenue.

Originally constructed in 1912 as the British and Foreign Bible Society Building and designed by Winnipeg architect William Bruce, the structure itself reflects layers of immigration, faith and history embedded within the city.

Yet few people fully understand its scale and significance.

Read
Thursday, May. 28, 2026
Residential School survivor Marge Prince looks for her own name among the orange flags that hold the names of 3,000 known children who attended the Brandon Indian Residential School, during a National Day of Action event held at the site on Wednesday afternoon. (Matt Goerzen / The Brandon Sun)

Survivors gather at former residential school site near Brandon

Tessa Adamski 5 minute read Preview

Survivors gather at former residential school site near Brandon

Tessa Adamski 5 minute read Thursday, May. 28, 2026

BRANDON — Marjorie Prince had tears in her eyes as she searched to find her and her brothers’ names among more than 3,000 orange flags pegged in the ground at the site of the former Brandon Indian Residential School.

The flags represent children who never returned home as well as survivors.

The woman from Dakota Tipi First Nation said it was her second time returning to the site since she was taken from her family at seven years old with her three brothers.

She couldn’t recall what year she attended the school or how long she was there.

Read
Thursday, May. 28, 2026
Deputy Premier of British Columbia Niki Sharma speak to media before the First Ministers Meeting in Saskatoon on Monday, June 2, 2025. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Liam Richards

Attorney General Sharma says B.C. supports company’s request to reopen Cowichan case

Wolfgang Depner, The Canadian Press 2 minute read Preview

Attorney General Sharma says B.C. supports company’s request to reopen Cowichan case

Wolfgang Depner, The Canadian Press 2 minute read Wednesday, May. 27, 2026

VICTORIA - British Columbia's attorney general says it is rare to reopen a court case as significant as the landmark Cowichan Tribes title decision, but the government supports an effort to do so by the largest private property owner in the title area.

Niki Sharma says Montrose Properties will be able to bring forward details about how it has been affected by the ruling that Aboriginal title is a "senior interest" compared to fee-simple title.

Montrose owns about 120 hectares in the overall title area of 300 hectares granted by the judge, but the court didn't hear from private landowners during the initial case, so the company is asking a B.C. Supreme Court judge in Victoria to reopen the case.

The same judge hearing Montrose's arguments through to Wednesday ruled in August that the Cowichan First Nation has Aboriginal title over the land, that the granting of private titles by government unjustifiably infringed on the nation's title, and that Crown and city titles on the site are defective and invalid.

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Wednesday, May. 27, 2026
Marta Guerrero photo
                                Joel Lemoine
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La grande histoire d’un petit village

Hugo Beaucamp 7 minute read Preview
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La grande histoire d’un petit village

Hugo Beaucamp 7 minute read Saturday, May. 23, 2026

Le village de Sainte-Agathe, qui borde les rives de la rivière Rouge et de la rivière aux Rats, à près de 40 kilomètres au sud de Winnipeg, fêtera ce 28 mai son 150e anniversaire.

Alors 150 ans, ça fait beaucoup de bougies, certainement trop pour toutes les faire tenir sur un gâteau, mais ça ne veut pas dire qu’on laisse tomber les célébrations.

Ce 28 mai, l’évènement se tiendra près du quai de Sainte-Agathe, où un bateau transportait les voitures d’un côté à l’autre de la rivière, à l’époque où il n’existait pas de pont.

Joel Lemoine, conseiller municipal pour Sainte-Agathe détaille la nature des célébrations.

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Saturday, May. 23, 2026
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Asian Heritage Month: more than a celebration

Fortunato Lim 4 minute read Thursday, May. 21, 2026

May is Asian Heritage Month in Canada. In Manitoba, it is a time to honour the many Asian communities who have shaped this province through culture, labour, leadership, family, food, faith, art, advocacy and public service. Celebration matters. But so do the stories that give celebration its sweetness.

Asian Canadian history is made of many threads.

We remember Chinese labourers who helped build the Canadian Pacific Railway while later facing the Chinese Head Tax and the Chinese Exclusion Act.

We remember the South Asian passengers of the Komagata Maru, denied entry by immigration rules designed to exclude them.

MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS FILES
                                Manitoba Court of King’s Bench Chief justice Glenn Joyal issued a sweeping ruling that federal and provincial governments breached the constitutional rights of First Nations via child-welfare funding.
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This not just in: treaty rights carry legal force and are protected in the Constitution

Tom Brodbeck 5 minute read Preview
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This not just in: treaty rights carry legal force and are protected in the Constitution

Tom Brodbeck 5 minute read Tuesday, May. 19, 2026

More than a century after the numbered treaties were signed across Western Canada, the courts delivered a blunt reminder last week that those agreements are not ancient historical footnotes.

They still carry legal force and governments cannot ignore them.

Two major court rulings — one in Manitoba and one in Alberta — reinforced a reality many Canadians still do not fully understand: treaties between First Nations and the Crown remain constitutionally protected agreements that continue to shape Canadian law, public policy and governments’ obligations today.

The decisions also underscored something else: Canadians would benefit greatly from learning more about treaties, why they were negotiated as Canada expanded westward and why courts continue to uphold Indigenous and treaty rights.

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Tuesday, May. 19, 2026
Conservative MP Aaron Gunn responds to journalists' questions before a meeting of the Conservative caucus on Parliament Hill in Ottawa on Wednesday, Nov. 5, 2025. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Justin Tang
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Tories question CBC funding of spoof-style Indigenous show on residential schools

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 7 minute read Preview
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Tories question CBC funding of spoof-style Indigenous show on residential schools

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 7 minute read Friday, May. 15, 2026

OTTAWA - Conservatives are questioning why CBC is funding a spoof program that used false pretences to lure high-profile people accused of downplaying the damage caused by residential schools into sitting for interviews.

Several current and former Conservative politicians have gone on social media to denounce the production “Northland Tales." The show is being produced for CBC and APTN.

The show is described by the Indigenous Screen Office — which works to increase Indigenous media representation using federal funding — as a satire program meant to “flip the script” on modern and historical injustices against Indigenous Peoples.

Frances Widdowson, who has described herself as a “known controversial figure” and has publicly questioned the history of residential schools and unmarked graves of children at the site of a former school in Kamloops, described her interview for the show in a video posted to social media this week.

Read
Friday, May. 15, 2026
MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS files
                                The Manitoba flag flies at the legislature in 2024. A Probe Research poll taken that year found 49 per cent of Manitobans would support creating a new flag for the province.
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Manitoba’s flag: A symbol of shared heritage at 60

John Andrew Hart 5 minute read Preview
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Manitoba’s flag: A symbol of shared heritage at 60

John Andrew Hart 5 minute read Wednesday, May. 13, 2026

On a fair spring afternoon 60 years ago, the Flag of Manitoba made its debut at the provincial legislature. In what the Winnipeg Free Press called an “impressive ceremony,” then-lieutenant-governor Richard Bowles formally proclaimed the new provincial flag on May 12, 1966.

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Wednesday, May. 13, 2026
Ruth Bonneville / Free Press
                                Thomas Rempel-Ong's donation of the items he discovered hidden away in his grandfather’s dresser drawer is encased in a glass exhibit case.
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Exhibition takes Canadian history of Chinese oppression from the archives into the light

AV Kitching 6 minute read Preview
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Exhibition takes Canadian history of Chinese oppression from the archives into the light

AV Kitching 6 minute read Monday, May. 11, 2026

Housed within two innocuous rooms flanking the Welcome Gallery at Manitoba Museum is a sobering record of a government’s betrayal of its own citizens.

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Monday, May. 11, 2026
Winnipeg’s forgotten Stanley Cup champ
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Winnipeg’s forgotten Stanley Cup champ

Rick C. Benson 7 minute read Preview
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Winnipeg’s forgotten Stanley Cup champ

Rick C. Benson 7 minute read Saturday, May. 9, 2026

On what would be his 150th birthday, the story of Maj. John Robinson Benson — Winnipeg’s forgotten Stanley Cup champion — deserves to be told.

On May 10, 1876, Dr. Edward Benson’s wife Annie gave birth to a son they named John Robinson, after the boy’s grandfather, Col. J.R. Benson. Dr. Benson had arrived in Winnipeg in January 1874 by horse-drawn sleigh via the end of the rail line in Minneapolis. He quickly established his medical practice and became one of the founding physicians of the Winnipeg General Hospital.

Young Rob — as the family called him — grew up in a household that helped build the institutions of a frontier city. At 19, he was the youngest member of the 1896 Winnipeg Victorias, the team that brought the Stanley Cup west for the first time. He had already earned his place across two Anderson Cup-winning seasons and appears in every team photograph from the era: the championship portraits, the Montreal dressing room, the commemorative poster. Listed as the squad’s spare, he was not a marginal figure. In a seven-man game with no line changes, the spare was the one player trusted to step into any position at any moment.

On Valentine’s Day, 1896, the Victorias entered Montreal’s Victoria Skating Rink for a sudden-death challenge against the defending Stanley Cup champions, the Montreal Victorias. Winnipeg’s starting seven included some of the finest athletes in the country: Captain Jack Armytage, who had founded the Victoria Hockey Club and played in the first hockey game in Manitoba history; Dan Bain, later voted Canada’s outstanding athlete of the last half of the 19th century; Rod Flett, the Métis point player whose steady, unshakable defence anchored three Stanley Cup campaigns; and George “Whitey” Merritt in goal, who startled the Montreal crowd by wearing protective cricket pads on his legs — a western innovation the easterners had never seen.

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Saturday, May. 9, 2026
MIKE DEAL / FREE PRESS FILES
                                President of the Manitoba Métis Federation, David Chartrand, was awarded court costs of $6.02 million after being unsuccessfully sued by the Métis National Council last year.
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Chartrand lauds court decision as ‘victory for Red River Métis’

Kevin Rollason 4 minute read Preview
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Chartrand lauds court decision as ‘victory for Red River Métis’

Kevin Rollason 4 minute read Monday, May. 4, 2026

The president of the Manitoba Métis Federation and others have been awarded nearly $12 million in legal fees after an unfounded and unreasonable attack by the Métis National Council, a judge has ruled.

Ontario Superior Court Justice Loretta Merritt said in a 15-page decision released on Monday that she was awarding court costs of $6.02 million to MMF president David Chartrand, $1.3 million to Clement Chartier, the MNC’s former president for almost two decades, and $2.06 million to former MNC executive director Wenda Watteyne.

The judge also awarded $2.4 million in costs to several consulting firms and consultants whose reputations were damaged when they were  falsely accused by the MNC of aiding the unfounded allegations of financial impropriety.

“Mr. Chartier and president (Chartrand) have devoted their lives to advancing the interests of the Métis nation,” Merritt wrote. “Ms. Watteyne dedicated the vast majority of her career to the service of the Métis community.

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Monday, May. 4, 2026
MIKE DEAL / FREE PRESS
                                Census data helps define the socioeconomic makeup of neighbourhoods.
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Census data does much more than determine population

Kevin Rollason 8 minute read Preview
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Census data does much more than determine population

Kevin Rollason 8 minute read Friday, May. 1, 2026

The children of families who live in public housing in Tuxedo are more likely to graduate from high school, go to college or university, and less likely to need income assistance when they become adults than their counterparts who live just off Main Street in the North End.

How do we know this? The national census.

Officially known as the Census of Population, in the next few weeks, an estimated 41 million Canadians will receive this year’s census to fill in the boxes that reflect their lives. Most will receive the short form, which census officials say should take only five to 10 minutes to fill out. But 25 per cent of Canadians will receive the lengthier long-form census, which includes more demographic questions, and takes about a half-hour or so to complete, depending on the size of the household.

It’s only when the numbers are tallied that we will know exactly how many people there are in the country.

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Friday, May. 1, 2026
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