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The Free Press Education Subject Social Studies Grade 11: History of Canada
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Social Studies Grade 11: History of Canada

Please review each article prior to use: grade-level applicability and curricular alignment might not be obvious from the headline alone.

Christine Nayler seen in this November 2025 photo. She was 15 when her newborn daughter was taken away from her in 1982. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Sharif Hassan
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Ottawa acknowledges “lasting impact” of forced adoptions but offers no apology

Sharif Hassan, The Canadian Press 3 minute read Preview
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Ottawa acknowledges “lasting impact” of forced adoptions but offers no apology

Sharif Hassan, The Canadian Press 3 minute read Monday, Aug. 10, 2026

TORONTO - The federal government acknowledged this week that forced adoptions had a lasting impact on people and families in Canada after the Second World War but stopped short of offering the public apology sought by advocates, including some affected by the practice.

A petition calling on Ottawa to formally apologize for taking part in the system garnered signatures from more than 600 people from across Canada and was tabled in the House of Commons in May.

The petition was created by Christine Nayler, a mother whose child was taken away decades ago, who also launched a national advocacy campaign called Canadians for a National Apology.

The group said in a statement this week that the "state-sanctioned" forced adoptions had a lifelong impact on mothers and their children, calling it “one of Canada’s largest human rights violations.”

Read
Monday, Aug. 10, 2026
Joey Morningstar from ISN Maskwa is pictured on Thursday, July 23, 2026, at a Toronto hotel that serves as a temporary workspace as he tries to provide assistance to the many people evacuated from communities while wildfires ravage parts of northern Ontario. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Chris Young

First Nation evacuees fleeing wildfire face safety risks in Toronto, leaders say

Kathryn Mannie, The Canadian Press 6 minute read Preview

First Nation evacuees fleeing wildfire face safety risks in Toronto, leaders say

Kathryn Mannie, The Canadian Press 6 minute read Thursday, Jul. 30, 2026

TORONTO - In a Toronto hotel off Highway 401, a bag check station screening for alcohol greets people in the lobby.

Cat Lake First Nation operations manager Derek Spence said it’s to limit drinking among residents who evacuated from the community north of Sioux Lookout, Ont., last week as wildfires closed in and downed power lines. Alcohol and drugs are much easier to come by in Toronto than the remote fly-in community residents call home, Spence explained.

Substance use and fears of suspicious people hanging around the hotel where Cat Lake residents are sheltering have been fuelling some residents’ desire to return home as soon as possible, even as nearly 180 wildfires continue to burn in Ontario’s north.

“It is a scary city for some people, and there (were) people hanging around here trying to abduct some of the ladies,” Spence said. “Someone's gonna get lost, someone's going to get hurt, someone's going to get killed.”

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Thursday, Jul. 30, 2026
Prime Minister Mark Carney makes a statement outside the Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council in Ottawa, on Tuesday, July 21, 2026. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Justin Tang
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Carney says ‘everything’s on the table’ for tariff retaliation against United States

Eli Ridder, The Canadian Press 5 minute read Preview
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Carney says ‘everything’s on the table’ for tariff retaliation against United States

Eli Ridder, The Canadian Press 5 minute read Monday, Aug. 10, 2026

CHARLOTTETOWN - Prime Minister Mark Carney says "everything's on the table" if Canada can't secure a deal to avoid a dramatic escalation in U.S. tariffs planned for next month.

Carney was asked Thursday what measures his government is considering in response to U.S. President Donald Trump's threat to impose 50 per cent tariffs on a variety of Canadian goods.

While the prime minister said Canada has a "full range" of options, he refused to identify specific measures Ottawa could take in retaliation if Trump’s new tariffs come into force.

“It would be counterproductive at this stage to respond in advance. But it’s important to know what your options are, to have worked it through,” Carney said.

Read
Monday, Aug. 10, 2026
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                                Yi (Rick) Zheng with his wife and their two sons at Pisew Falls last summer. They would be thrilled to continue living in Thompson.
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Small business group says immigration cut makes it tough to hire workers

Carol Sanders 5 minute read Preview
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Small business group says immigration cut makes it tough to hire workers

Carol Sanders 5 minute read Thursday, Jul. 23, 2026

Canada’s immigration clampdown has put employers in remote and rural places in a bind and put fear into employees from abroad who want to stay.

Yi (Rick) Zheng and his family from China, who’ve been working in Thompson for two years and hope to gain permanent residency, said they fear their work permits will expire and they’ll have to leave the country.

Zheng, 41, says he works as a restaurant cook and his wife works at a hotel in the northern city, where their two children, ages 10 and 12, are thriving in school.

“I work very hard every day. Our kitchen doesn’t have enough staff.”

Read
Thursday, Jul. 23, 2026
Manitoba Premier Wab Kinew speaks to reporters at the Council of the Federation meeting in Charlottetown on Wednesday July 22, 2026. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Darren Calabrese
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Manitoba Premier Kinew ‘willing to entertain’ Alberta to Ontario pipeline

The Canadian Press 3 minute read Preview
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Manitoba Premier Kinew ‘willing to entertain’ Alberta to Ontario pipeline

The Canadian Press 3 minute read Monday, Aug. 10, 2026

CHARLOTTETOWN - Manitoba Premier Wab Kinew said Wednesday he's open to a west-east pipeline being pitched by his counterparts in Alberta and Ontario.

Kinew, speaking to reporters at a meeting of premiers in Charlottetown, said the pipeline could make Canada stronger and that there are workers in his province who would be eager to help build it.

"I love Alberta, I love Albertans, so (I'm) willing to entertain the idea," he said.

The pipeline proposal was announced earlier this month by Alberta Premier Danielle Smith and Ontario Premier Doug Ford.

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Monday, Aug. 10, 2026
Russell Wangersky / Free Press File
                                Forest fire smoke clouds the skies over downtown Winnipeg in July, 2025.
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Climate change? It’s already here

Scott Forbes 5 minute read Preview
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Climate change? It’s already here

Scott Forbes 5 minute read Wednesday, Jul. 22, 2026

Winnipeg’s roads are buckling. Ontario forests are burning. Toronto chokes on wildfire smoke. The summer heat dome in Europe has already killed thousands. Climate change is not some future dystopian vision. It’s right here, right now. And the cause is crystal clear: burning fossil fuels.

Read
Wednesday, Jul. 22, 2026

Time to open our eyes about AI

Alex Passey 5 minute read Monday, Jul. 20, 2026

The word “Luddite” carries a particular connotation. Typically, it’s a term of mockery hurled at a person deemed technophobic, perhaps simply too stupid to appreciate modern technology. But the Luddites were a real group of people with an important place in history. And it isn’t fair they’ve become synonymous with ignorance.

MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS Muhaidin Omar, founder of Bilal Family and Community Centre, and Felicia Masenu, the centre's program director. About 3,000 people participate in the centre’s programming every year.
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Restorative justice program helps newcomers find their way

Josiah Neufeld 10 minute read Preview
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Restorative justice program helps newcomers find their way

Josiah Neufeld 10 minute read Tuesday, Jul. 21, 2026

The Masjid Bilal is a chunky grey building just off Logan Avenue surrounded by warehouses and railyards. It looks more like a bunker than a mosque.

But on a summer Friday afternoon, its green-and-white carpeted interior is humming with activity. Two men in white robes and flat woolen caps are seated on the carpet poring over a copy of the Qur’an. A few young boys dodge through hallways, poking curious noses into open doors. At the back, next to a table piled with prayer mats, two girls in hijabs share schoolyard gossip. In the kitchen, women are cooking up pots of rice and chicken for people who will soon arrive for Friday prayers.

The Masjid Bilal is a community hub for members of Winnipeg’s African diaspora as well as Muslims from many other countries.

It’s also home to the Bilal Community and Family Centre, an innovative, community-centred nonprofit that is meeting vital needs for newcomers in this city.

Read
Tuesday, Jul. 21, 2026
People opposed to AI data centres demonstrate outside council chambers at city hall in Hamilton, Ont., on Wednesday, July 15, 2026. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Nick Iwanyshyn

Opposition brewing as data centre capacity is set to explode across Canada

Anja Karadeglija, The Canadian Press 8 minute read Preview

Opposition brewing as data centre capacity is set to explode across Canada

Anja Karadeglija, The Canadian Press 8 minute read Wednesday, Jul. 22, 2026

OTTAWA - Across Canada, plans are underway for a massive boom in construction of the huge new data centres needed for artificial intelligence technology.

But opposition is also building as residents worry about how the facilities will affect their communities — and as the data centres themselves become a symbol of the anxieties swirling around AI.

"An AI data centre is like the physical avatar of AI. And so it's just like concrete and steel, physical space of a technology that increasingly I think Canadians are worried is going to have a really disruptive impact on their lives," said David Coletto, CEO of Abacus Data.

"The local concerns are tied to the resources that these data centres consume. So it's about electricity, it's about water, it’s about noise."

Read
Wednesday, Jul. 22, 2026
JUSTIN TANG / THE CANADIAN PRESS
                                “There is no good way to build major projects without First Nations partnership and leadership. Full stop,” Energy and Natural Resources Minister Tim Hodgson said at the general assembly Thursday.

First Nations’ concerns overshadowed by talk of major projects

Niigaan Sinclair 5 minute read Preview

First Nations’ concerns overshadowed by talk of major projects

Niigaan Sinclair 5 minute read Friday, Jul. 17, 2026

The contrast could not have been more stark in Ottawa — unceded Algonquin territory — this week.

Read
Friday, Jul. 17, 2026
Minister of Indigenous Services Mandy Gull-Masty speaks during a press conference at the National Press Theatre in Ottawa, on Thursday, May 28, 2026. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Spencer Colby

Fire-ravaged First Nations community accuses Ottawa of denying it federal aid

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 8 minute read Preview

Fire-ravaged First Nations community accuses Ottawa of denying it federal aid

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 8 minute read Wednesday, Jul. 22, 2026

OTTAWA - A small First Nations community in Ontario that was burned to the ground by a raging wildfire on Monday is being deprived of the help it needs because the federal government doesn't recognize it as a First Nation, the community's lawyer says.

And its chief says she didn't hear anything from Indigenous Services Minister Mandy Gull-Masty for nearly a week after the fire broke out.

Residents of Collins First Nation, a remote community without road access more than 200 kilometres north of Thunder Bay, were forced to self-evacuate earlier this week in advance of fast-moving fires.

Videos show community members fleeing on small boats as the flames encroached upon the shoreline.

Read
Wednesday, Jul. 22, 2026
MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS FILES
                                Pimicikamak Cree Nation chief David Monias, left, proposed a resolution that calls on the federal government to criminalize residential school denialism as hate speech at the Assembly of First Nations annual general assembly in Ottawa, Tuesday.

Manitoba chiefs behind renewed effort to criminalize residential school denialism

Scott Billeck 4 minute read Preview

Manitoba chiefs behind renewed effort to criminalize residential school denialism

Scott Billeck 4 minute read Wednesday, Jul. 15, 2026

First Nations chiefs from across the country have unanimously passed an emergency resolution that calls on the federal government to criminalize residential school denialism as hate speech.

The resolution was adopted Tuesday at the Assembly of First Nations annual general assembly in Ottawa. It was introduced by David Monias, chief of Pimicikamak Cree Nation in Manitoba and seconded by Manitoba Keewatinowi Okimakanak Grand Chief Garrison Settee.

“We must honour the survivors and we must honour every child who never came home,” Monias said Wednesday. “We must also support every person who was left behind and those children who never returned home. We are left to mourn those children. They would have been our grandfathers today, our grandparents.”

The federal government estimates about 150,000 Indigenous children attended residential schools.

Read
Wednesday, Jul. 15, 2026
JOHN WOODS / THE CANADIAN PRESS FILES
                                The Port of Churchill will ship grain this summer.

Grain latest Port of Churchill shipment

Free Press staff 2 minute read Preview

Grain latest Port of Churchill shipment

Free Press staff 2 minute read Wednesday, Jul. 15, 2026

Prairie grain will soon ship out of the Port of Churchill for the first time in at least five years.

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Wednesday, Jul. 15, 2026
Chief Allan Adam of the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation speaks during a press conference in Fort McMurray, Alta. on Friday May 30, 2014. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Jason Franson
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Alberta First Nation sues Ottawa over $5 treaty annuity, argues amount stuck in 1899

Jack Farrell, The Canadian Press 2 minute read Preview
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Alberta First Nation sues Ottawa over $5 treaty annuity, argues amount stuck in 1899

Jack Farrell, The Canadian Press 2 minute read Thursday, Aug. 6, 2026

EDMONTON - A northern Alberta First Nation is suing the federal government to increase its annual treaty annuity payments.

Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation Chief Allan Adam says the $5 his members receive every year is an amount that's stuck in 1899, when Treaty 8 was signed.

The payments date back to the signing of treaties across the country more than a century ago and were meant to provide assistance to First Nations members.

Depending on the treaty, annuity payments made to First Nations members across Canada total either $4 or $5, and have never increased.

Read
Thursday, Aug. 6, 2026
A Canadian flag flies over the Prime Minister's Office near Parliament Hill in Ottawa, on Wednesday, Jan. 15, 2025. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Spencer Colby

Canada pauses applications for parent, grandparent immigration sponsorship program

Sarah Ritchie, The Canadian Press 3 minute read Preview

Canada pauses applications for parent, grandparent immigration sponsorship program

Sarah Ritchie, The Canadian Press 3 minute read Thursday, Jul. 16, 2026

OTTAWA - The federal government will not accept any new applications this year from people who want to sponsor their parents and grandparents to come to Canada as permanent residents under a program meant to promote family reunification.

The Immigration Department said the change is part of an effort to responsibly manage the system and reduce wait times.

In a statement posted online Wednesday, the department said interest in the program continues to exceed the number of available spaces.

There are 60,500 applications in progress already and wait times for processing sit at around 33 months, or up to 66 months in Quebec.

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Thursday, Jul. 16, 2026
An attendee places children's shoes in memory of victims of Canada's residential school system during a ceremony on Truth and Reconciliation Day in Ottawa on Monday, Sept. 30, 2024. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Sean Kilpatrick
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Chiefs call on feds to criminalize residential school denialism as hate speech

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 3 minute read Preview
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Chiefs call on feds to criminalize residential school denialism as hate speech

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 3 minute read Thursday, Aug. 6, 2026

OTTAWA - First Nations chiefs say the federal government is enabling residential school denialism by failing to make it a crime.

The chiefs passed an emergency resolution at the Assembly of First Nations general meeting in Ottawa on Tuesday calling on the feds to criminalize residential school denialism as hate speech.

"Truth is not optional and reconciliation cannot exist without truth," said Chief David Monias of Pimicikamak Cree Nation.

"We must honour the survivors and we must honour every child who never came home."

Read
Thursday, Aug. 6, 2026
Prime Minister Mark Carney speaks at a meeting with premiers in Ottawa on Thursday, Jan. 29, 2026. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Justin Tang
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Feds, most provinces get top marks on internal trade — but more work to be done

Craig Lord, The Canadian Press 5 minute read Preview
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Feds, most provinces get top marks on internal trade — but more work to be done

Craig Lord, The Canadian Press 5 minute read Thursday, Aug. 6, 2026

OTTAWA - The federal government has gone from a C student to top of the class in its work to advance internal trade between provinces, says the Canadian Federation of Independent Business.

In the federation's latest annual report card on internal trade, the federal government jumped to an A-plus from the C grade it got in 2025.

The report card released Wednesday by the advocacy group for small businesses said Canada has made unprecedented progress toward breaking down internal trade barriers long considered a self-imposed drag on the domestic economy.

The International Monetary Fund estimates that removing internal trade barriers could boost Canada's real gross domestic product by $210 billion over the long term.

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Thursday, Aug. 6, 2026
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Canadian AI: What kind, and who will own it

Fred Wilson and Robert Chernomas 5 minute read Wednesday, Jul. 15, 2026

What is it we should fear about AI? That it will take our jobs? Overload our electricity networks and make our own energy needs more expensive? Put scarce freshwater resources at risk? Or is it that it will be unregulated, breach privacy laws and be used for a wide range of perverse purposes?

If Canadians are among the most distrustful of the AI revolution, it isn’t because they are uninformed or technologically regressive. Their reluctance is because there is no plan for Canadian AI guided by an overarching public interest.

To the contrary, the hundreds of AI data centre proposals in Canada are driven by an investor frenzy completely disconnected from Canadian needs or economic and social goals.

A Canadian Press freedom of information request from the federal government revealed that power demands from current proposals total more than 20 GW, a massive capacity comparable to the total power needs of all Canadian households, and 25 times greater than the roughly 850 MW the federal government has projected that known sovereign AI proposals will reach by 2030.

Assembly of First Nations National Chief Cindy Woodhouse Nepinak speaks at the annual First Nations Major Projects Coalition conference in Toronto on Thursday, April 30, 2026. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Sammy Kogan
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Chief says assembly will tackle effect of major projects push on First Nations rights

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 3 minute read Preview
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Chief says assembly will tackle effect of major projects push on First Nations rights

Alessia Passafiume, The Canadian Press 3 minute read Tuesday, Aug. 4, 2026

OTTAWA - Major projects and a coming meeting with Prime Minister Mark Carney and the premiers will be the main focus of the Assembly of First Nations annual general assembly this week, National Chief Cindy Woodhouse Nepinak said Monday.

The AFN gathering begins Tuesday and runs for three days.

Speaking alongside a handful of regional chiefs and First Nations representatives at a news conference, Woodhouse Nepinak blasted the federal government over its approach to major projects development and said it could threaten the rights of First Nations.

She said First Nations are not opposed to economic growth and are simply asking for a seat at the table as the federal government attempts to shore up the economy.

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Tuesday, Aug. 4, 2026
Anaheim Ducks defenceman Jacob Trouba, left, puts pressure on Edmonton Oilers centre Connor McDavid during the third period of Game 6 in the first round of the NHL hockey Stanley Cup playoffs series Thursday, April 30, 2026, in Anaheim, Calif. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill)
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bet365 expands Canadian footprint with launch in Alberta’s gaming market

Dan Ralph, The Canadian Press 4 minute read Preview
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bet365 expands Canadian footprint with launch in Alberta’s gaming market

Dan Ralph, The Canadian Press 4 minute read Tuesday, Aug. 4, 2026

Trip Stoddard and bet365 are expanding their Canadian footprint.

Alberta officially opened its regulated sports betting and iGaming market Monday, becoming the second Canadian province to do so. Ontario became the first to offer a regulated, private market for online gaming April 4, 2022.

And like it did in Ontario, bet365 is among the operators that will set up shop in Alberta.

“Canada is a key market for bet365, and cementing our brand’s presence in Alberta marks another milestone in our long-term commitment to Canadian sports fans,” said Stoddard, head of development at bet365. "We're proud to work alongside Alberta's regulators to give fans a trusted platform to engage with the sports they love through a responsible, world-class experience."

Read
Tuesday, Aug. 4, 2026
Matt Goerzen/The Brandon Sun files
                                Manitoba Hydro is still betting on natural gas generating stations — like this one in Brandon — instead of considering battery storage solutions for peak energy needs.

If it works in Ontario, why not in Manitoba?

James Wilt 5 minute read Preview

If it works in Ontario, why not in Manitoba?

James Wilt 5 minute read Monday, Jul. 13, 2026

Grid-scale battery storage has fundamentally changed the global energy landscape — and Manitoba needs to get on board.

Battery systems store large amounts of excess electricity for when it’s most needed. While they can be charged from any generation source, they are especially beneficial for integrating wind and solar power, which vary with weather and time of day. Batteries allow electrical grids to meet the need for firm, dispatchable and affordable capacity using renewable energy, rather than relying on coal, nuclear and fossil gas. They also provide numerous other benefits, including reducing overloading of transmission infrastructure and helping to regulate the grid’s frequency and voltage.

Average costs for grid-scale batteries plummeted by more than half between 2023 and 2025 and installations have skyrocketed in China, the U.S., Australia and Europe. Texas now has 16,500 megawatts (MW) of battery storage, while California has 15,200 MW. Closer to home, Ontario recently awarded 640 MW of contracts to three battery storage projects in a competitive auction, with batteries beating out fossil gas-fired power plants on cost every time. One of these projects will be built near Dryden, only four hours east of Winnipeg.

Each battery system will provide eight hours of capacity but will cost considerably less than Ontario’s previous battery procurements, which provide only four hours of capacity. With this latest auction, Ontario has now secured 3,600 MW of battery storage capacity, including the operational Oneida (250 MW), Hagersville (300 MW) and Napanee (250 MW) projects. Almost all have significant Indigenous participation, with the latest procurements boasting 50 per cent First Nations ownership.

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Monday, Jul. 13, 2026
MIKAELA MACKENZIE / FREE PRESS
                                Volunteer JD Hawk with colouring pages made from his oil paintings at the Lower Fort Garry historic site on Wednesday.

Painter honed art of volunteering at Lower Fort Garry historic site

AV Kitching 5 minute read Preview

Painter honed art of volunteering at Lower Fort Garry historic site

AV Kitching 5 minute read Monday, Jul. 13, 2026

When visitors wandered around Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site in the summer of 2023, they encountered a rather unusual volunteer: artist JD Hawk at his easel, busily working on his live paintings.

Hawk engaged with visitors as he painted, encouraging them to come and ask questions about what he was working on.

The paintings he produced during his tenure were never intended for exhibition, however. They were rough drafts for him to reference later in the year when creating his final paintings.

“There’s no fine detail, they’re not masterpieces. I consider them like a scrapbook, exploring the colours I would need to use for my master paintings,” he explains, adding that when he wasn’t painting he would walk around taking photographs for further reference material.

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Monday, Jul. 13, 2026
A conceptual illustration of a statue of Samuel de Champlain, proposed to be installed at a city park in Orillia, Ont., is shown in this undated handout image. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Handout - City of Orillia (Mandatory Credit)

Quebec municipalities express interest in Samuel de Champlain statue from Ontario

Erika Morris, The Canadian Press 4 minute read Preview

Quebec municipalities express interest in Samuel de Champlain statue from Ontario

Erika Morris, The Canadian Press 4 minute read Monday, Jul. 13, 2026

Some Quebec municipalities and organizations are offering to take a controversial statue of Samuel de Champlain from an Ontario city in Simcoe County.

The nearly four-metre-tall bronze monument of the 17th century explorer and founder of Quebec City was removed from a park in Orillia, Ont., and placed in storage in 2017 following debate over its colonial imagery.

Orillia Mayor Don McIsaac said a wave of offers poured in after the city recently raised the possibility of melting the statue down.

“They say it's racist, it's not our history, it is an insult to Indigenous peoples,” McIsaac said in an interview about the controversy over the statue.

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Monday, Jul. 13, 2026
The Senate of Canada building and Senate Chamber are pictured in Ottawa on Monday, Feb. 18, 2019. CANADIAN PRESS/Sean Kilpatrick

Canada’s Senate: A glimpse at the operations of the upper chamber

Catherine Morrison, The Canadian Press 7 minute read Preview

Canada’s Senate: A glimpse at the operations of the upper chamber

Catherine Morrison, The Canadian Press 7 minute read Monday, Jul. 13, 2026

OTTAWA - Prime Minister Mark Carney made his first appointments to the Senate on Tuesday, naming four new senators to the upper chamber. They include Carney's principal secretary Tom Pitfield and Conservative MP Richard Martel, who will both fill seats from Quebec.

He also announced he is dropping the non-partisan criteria for appointments to the upper chamber, and plans to rejig the independent appointments advisory committee established by former prime minister Justin Trudeau.

Those were just some of the changes Trudeau made to the Senate, which had been dogged by accusations of cronyism and spending scandals.

Here's a look at the role the Senate plays, and how the Senate has changed in the last 10 years.

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Monday, Jul. 13, 2026
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